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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a choice made from available alternatives
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decision
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the process of identifying problems and opportunities and then resolving them
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decision making
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a decision made in response to a situation that has occurred often enough to enbale decision rules to be developed and applied in the future
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programmed decision
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a decision made in response to a situation that is unique, is poorly defined and largely unstructured, and has important consequences for the organization
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nonprogrammed decision
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the situation in which all the information the decision maker needs is fully available
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certainty
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a situation in which a decision has clear-cut goals and good info is available, but the future outcomes associated with each alternative are subject to chance
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risk
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the situation that occurs when managers know which goals they want to achieve, but information about alternatives and future events is incomplete
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uncertainty
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a condition in which the foals to be achieved or the problem to be solved is unclear, alternatives are difficult to define, and info about outcomes is unavailable
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ambiguity
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a decision-making model based on the assumption that managers should make logical decisions that will be in the organization's best economic interests
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classic model
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an approach that defines how a decision maker should make decisions and provides guidelines for reaching an ideal outcome for the organization
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normative
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a decision-making model that describes how managers actually make decisions in situations characterized by nonprogrammed decisions, uncertainty and ambiguity
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administrative model
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the concept that people have the time and cognitive ability to process only a limited amount of info on which to base decisions
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bounded rationality
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to choose the first solution alternative that satisfies minimal decision criteria, regardless of whether better solutions are presumed to exist
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satisficing
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an approach that describes how managers actually make decisions rather than how they should
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descriptive
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the immediate comprehension of a decision situation based on past experience but without conscious thought
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intuition
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an informal alliance among managers who support a specific goal
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coalition
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a situation in which organizational accomplishments have failed to meet established goals
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problem
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a situation in which managers see potential organizational accomplishments that exceed current goals
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opportunity
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the step in the decision-making process in which managers analyze underlying casual factors associated with the decision situation
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diagnosis
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the willingness to undertake risk with the opportunity of gaining an increased payoff
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risk propensity
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the step in the decision-making process that involves using managerial, administrative, and persuasive abilities to translate the chosen alternative into action
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implementation
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differences among people with respect to how they perceive problems and make decisions
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decision styles
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a model designed to help managers gauge the amount of subordinate participation in decision making
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Vroom-Jago Model
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a technique that uses face-to-face group to spontaneously suggest a broad range of alternatives for decision making
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brainstorming
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bringing people together in an interactive group over a computer network to suggest alternatives (brainwriting)
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electronic brainstorming
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continuing to invest time and resources into a failing decision
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escalating commitment
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a decision-making technique in which an individual is assigned the role of challenging the assumptions and assertions made by the group to prevent premature consensus
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devil's advocate
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a decision making technique in which people are assigned to express competing points of view
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point-counterpoint
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the hardware, software, telecommunications, database management, and other technologies used to store, process, and distribute information
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info technology
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web log that allows individuals to post opinions and ideas
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blog
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online interaction format where people share personal info and photos, produce and share all sorts of info and opinions, or unify activists and raise funds
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social networking
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raw, unsummarized, and unanalyzed facts and figures
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data
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data that have been converted into a meaningful and useful context for the receiver
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information
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a computer-based info system that supports a company's day-to-day operations
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operations information system
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a type of operations info system that records and processes data resulting from routine business transactions such as sales, purchases, and payroll
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transaction-processing system
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a computer system that monitors and controls ongoing physical processes, such as temperature or pressure changes
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process control system
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systems that combine modern hardware and software to handle the tasks of publishing and distributing info
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office automation systems
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a computer based system that provides info and support for effective managerial decision making
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management information system
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a global collection of computer networks linked together for the exchange of data and info
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Internet
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a collection of central servers for accessing info on the internet
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World wide web
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any business that takes place by digital processes over a computer network rather than in physical space
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e-business
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business exchanges or transactions that occur electronically
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e-commerce
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an internal communications system that uses the technology and standards of the internet but is accessible only to people within the organization
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intranet
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a network that links the computer systems of buyers and sellers to allow the transmission of structured data primarily for ordering, distribution, and payables and receivables
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electronic data interchange
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an external communications system that uses the internet and is shared by two or more organizations
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extranet
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an electronic marketplace set up by an intermediary where buyers and sellers meet
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B2B marketplace
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systems that help companies track customers' interactions with the firm and allow employees to call up info on past transactions
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customer relationship management systems
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the process of systematically gathering knowledge, making it widely available throughout the organization, and fostering a culture of learning
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knowledge management
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a single point of access for employees to multiple sources of info that provides personalized succees on the corporate intranet
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knowledge management portal
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the development of organizational resources to achieve strategic goals
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organizing
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the framework in which the organization defines how tasks are divided, resources are deployed, and departments are coordinated
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organizational structure
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the visual representation of an organization's structure
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organizational chart
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the degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into individual jobs
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work specialization
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an unbroken line of authority that links all individuals in the organization and specifies who reports to whom
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chain of command
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the formal and legitimate right of a manager to make decisions, issue orders, and allocate resources to achieve organizationally desired outcomes
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authority
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the duty to perform the task or activity an employee has been assigned
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responsibility
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the fact that the people with authority and responsibility are subject to reporting and justifying task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command
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accountability
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the process managers use to transfer authority and responsibility to positions below them in the hierarchy
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delegation
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a form of authority in which individuals in management positions have the formal power to direct and control immediate subordinates
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line authority
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a form of authority granted to staff specialists in their line of expertise
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staff authority
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the number of employees reporting to a supervisor, also called a span of control
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span of management
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a management structure characterized by an overall narrow span of management and a relatively large number of hierarchial levels
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tall structure
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a management structure characterized by an overall broad span of control and relatively few hierarchial levels
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flat structure
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the location of decision authority near top organizational levels
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centralization
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the location of decision authority near lower organizational levels
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decentralization
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the basis on which individuals are grouped into departments and departments into the total organization
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departmentalization
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the grouping of positions into departments based on similar skills, expertise, and resource use
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functional structure
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an organizational structure in which departments are group based on similar organizational outputs
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divisional structure
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an organizational structure that uses functional and divisional chains of command simultaneously in the same part of the organization
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matrix approach
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employees who report to two supervisors simultaneously
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two-boss employees
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the product or functional boss, responsible for one side of the matrix
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matrix boss
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the overseer of both the product and functional chains of command, responsible for the entire matrix
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top leader
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a group of employees from various functional departments that meet as a team to resolve mutual problems
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cross-functional teams
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a group of participants from several functions who are permanently assigned to solve ongoing problems of common interest
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permanent teams
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structure in which the entire organization is made up of horizontal teams that coordinate their activities and work directly with customers to accomplish the organization's goals
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team based structure
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an organization structure that disaggregates major functions to separate companies that are brokered by a small headquarters organization
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virtual network structure
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the process by which a manufacturing company uses outside suppliers to provide large components of the product, which are then assembled into a final product by a few workers
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modular approach
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the quality of collaboration across departments
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coordination
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a temporary team or committee formed to solve a specific short term problem involving several departments
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task force
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a person responsible for coordinating the activities of several departments on a full-time basis for the completion of a specific project
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project manager
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the radical redesign of business processes to achieve the dramatic improvements in cost, quality, service, and speed
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reengineering
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an organized group of related tasks and activities that work together to transform inputs into outputs and create value
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process
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a type of technology that involves the production of goods in batches of one or a few products designed to customer specification
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small batch production
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a type of technology characterized by the production of a large volume of products with the same specifications
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mass productions
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a type of technology involving mechanization of the entire work flow and nonstop production
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continuous process production
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the degree to which complex machinery is involved in the production process to the exclusion of people
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technical complexity
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technology characterized by intangible outputs and direct contact between employees and customers
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service technology characterized by use of the internet and other digital processes to conduct or support business operations
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the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization
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organizational change
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a change in the organizations product or service outputs
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product change
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a change that pertains to the organizations production process
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technology change
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the generation of novel ideas that might meet perceived needs or offer opportunities for the organization
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creativity
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an in-house program that provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the organization can be developed without interference from company bureaucracy or politics
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idea incubator
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an approach to product change that emphasizes shared development of innovations among several departments
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horizontal linkage model
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a multifunctional term that is provided with high levels of resources and empowerment to accomplish an accelerated product development project
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fast-cycle team
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extending the search for and commercialization of new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization
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open innovation
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a person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization
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idea champion
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a unit separate from the mainstream of the organization that is responsible for developing and initiating innovations
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new venture team
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a separate small, informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas for business
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skunkworks
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a fund providing resources from which individuals and groups can draw to develop new ideas product, or businesses
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new venture found
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a change in the attitudes and behaviors of a few employees in the organization
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people change
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a major shift in the norms, values, attitudes, and mind set of the entire organization
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cultural change
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the application of behavioral science techniques to improve an organizationas health and effectiveness through its ability to cope with environmental changes, improve internal relationships, and increase learning and problem solving capabilities
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organizational developments
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a type of OD intervention that enhances the cohesiveness of departments by helping members learn to function as a team
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team building
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a type of OD intervention in which questionaires on organizational climate and other factors are distributed among employees and their results reported back to them by a change agent
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survey feedback
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an approach that brings together participants from all parts of the organization to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for major change
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large group intervention
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