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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Collective noun
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Singular. (except if individuals emphasized, rare)
Ex. "Army" MGMAT SC P.40 On the GMAT, collective nouns often followed by prepositional phrase that contains a plural noun (to make you think plural!) Kaplan Premier p.99 |
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Indefinite Pronouns
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Non-specific. -one, -thing, -body
singular except Some, All, Most, More, Any, None (SAMMAN) MGMAT SC p.40 |
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Each and Every
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singular (except if after the Subj)
MGMAT SC p.41 |
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Subj / Verb flipped
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"There is" and "There are"
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Main 3 Parallel markers
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and, but, or
MGMAT SC p53 |
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Parallel prepositions
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prepositions do not need to be parallel
However, if a preposition is used in one of three parallel elements it must be used in all three or none of the three. No 2 and 1 combinations. (p106 Kaplan Premier) MGMAT SC aprx p53? |
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Parallel clauses
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start with the same word or similar
MGMAT SC aprx p53? |
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Pronoun Check
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Anticedent...
1. Exists, 2. Makes sense, 3. Is unambiguous 4. Agrees in # Caution: Possessive case = poor anticedent In Parallel clauses, noun in clause 1 can goto pronoun in clause 2 |
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This / That
Plural form |
This --> These
That --> Those |
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Diff bt who/whom
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Who = Subj of the sentence
Who: She/He Whom = Obj of the sentence Whom: Him/Her |
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Two most frequently used modifiers
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Adjective: modifies noun/pronoun
Adverb: Mostly modifies not a noun or pronoun. Often ends in "ly" |
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Noun/Verb modifier guidelines
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In general, a noun and its modifier should touch
-Appositive (noun explainer) can be bt. noun & modifier- -a very short predicate can shift a very long modifier back -a short non-essential phrase intervenes and is set off by commas -the modifier is in a series of parallel modifiers, one of which actually does touch the noun being modified. (The parallel structure leads you back to the one noun as the thing being modified by the modifier) a verb and its modifier do not need to touch MGMAT SC p.234 |
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Words that often introduce modifiers
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That: Do not use to modify people
Who/Whom: Can only modify people Which: Must modify things (event, time ok) Whose: Modifies people/things When: event, time |
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modifier possessive caution
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modifiers must modify something, and when a noun is in the possessive form it may not function the same.
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verb modifier
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answers question, how, when, where and why
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Or/ Nor
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verb agrees with the closest subject (to become either singular or plural)
Kaplan Premier |
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Correct tense?
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Pick a reference point in a sentence
P.104 Kaplan Premier |
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Comparisons
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Must compare like things
one individual to another one quality to another one group to another p108 Kaplan Premier |
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Between Vs. Among
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Between: 2 things
Among: More than 2 things |
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Fewer Vs. Less
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Fewer: use for easily countable things
Less: abstract or hard to count |
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Which, When, Where
Kaplan Premier Rules |
Which: Must be after a comma or preposition
Where: must be actual location When: Must be actual time/period Kaplan Premier aprx p108 |
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Top Pronoun Error words
Kap Prem |
It, its, they, their, them, which, that
Kaplan Premier aprx p 108 |
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whose
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possessive,
of whom/who, of which |
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define: tense, mood, voice
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tense: when action happens
mood: what writers believes about, wants to do with the action voice: who or what is doing the actions |
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simple tense
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present: plays
past: played future: will play MGMAT SC P.105 |
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progressive tense
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indicates ongoing nature of the action, or that it is happening right now
present: is playing note: is not for general definitions and does not indicate future action! past: was playing future: will be playing verbs that express general states are not progressive ex. know, signify |
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Present perfect
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Have / Has + Past participle (Verb in "ed" form unless irregular)
act was in the past but effect carries to the future started in the past but continues into the present Within/Since require present perfect |
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Past perfect
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Don't use unless using simple past also. Indicates action was earlier then simple past.
had + past participle |
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Hypothetical
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If, As if, As though, etc
Use simple past of verb, If using "to be" verb, must use "were" If-->Then "Then" not needed Don't use If...Should/Would MGMAT SC p.112 |
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Than vs. Then
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Than: comparison
Then: Time marker,sequence of, events, next |
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Like Vs. As
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Like: Compares two things.
= Similar to, in a manner similar to Can't introduce Examples Can't work with clauses. Can't do, "Like subj verb, subj verb" can do "like noun, subj verb". As: Use w/ clause, preposition 1. Conjunction A. Duration: while during B. causation: since, because C. comparison: in the same way 2. Preposition A. Function: in the role of B. Equation: equals C. Stage: When I was MGMAT SC p.127, p254 |
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Comparative or Superlative Form
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Comparative: 2 ppl/things. Add "er" ; more/less
Superlative: 3+ ppl/things, add "est" ; most/least Note: if adverb ends in "ly" don't change it to "er", add "more". Ex. He runs quickly. She runs more quickly. MGMAT SC p.130 |
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Idiom Strategy
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Spot difference, rephrase sentence with diff choices, plug back into original sentence
watch for correct prepositions MGMAT SC p.141 |
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Rate; should
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Rate: make sure a rate gets compared to another rate
Should = moral obligation MGMAT SC p141 |
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Comma guidelines
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Non-essential clause set off by commas, but not essential
No comma if verb after comma shares subj with verb before comma Can't connect two IC's with only a comma, need a coordinating conjunction IC, and IC <-- ok IC, IC <---not ok MGMAT SC Ch 10 |
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semi-colon
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Between 2 IC's that are related in content and equal in importance
Must be IC;IC When using a conjunctive adverb (therefore, ergo, etc) must use semi-colon to connect sentences semi-colon used in lists with colons MGMAT SC Ch 10 |
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Colon
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Explains what comes before it
should be close to what it explains what comes before must be a complete sentence you may connect two complete sentences with a colon Can only do, IC:IC or IC:DC MGMAT SC Ch10 |
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Dash
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Use as emphatic comma, semi-colon, colon
To seperate an appositive from a list To explain an earlier part of the sentence (but does not need to be close to that part) |
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Countable Vs. Not
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Countable test:
one hat, two hat = countable one furniture, two furniture = not countable Unit nouns (gallons, dollars) = not countable (usually) Modifier list Countable: not/many few/er/est than more/numerous Uncountable: not/much little/less/least amount less that...amount great/er MGMAT SC P194 |
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The number of Vs. A number of
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The number of = singular
A number of = plural Use "greater than" with numbers, not "more than" |
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increase / decrease
greater / less |
inc/dec: change over time
Gre/Lss: comparison MGMAT SC ch 10 |
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Concision GMAT preferences
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VAN
Verb Adjective/Adverb Noun That + Verb [Preferred to] Noun Phrase Adverb [Preferred to] Prep Phrase Adj [Preferred to] Adj + To Be MGMAT SC p207 |
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Prepositional phrase to noun adjective
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Usually ok to shorten "of" prep phrase to noun adj
Ex. A wall of stone --> a stone wall = ok Other types of prep phrases may not work The Aegean sea salt (too short) --> The salt FROM the Aegean sea (better) Of phrases that include a time period, quantity, or measurement should also not be collapsed MGMAT SC p.211 |
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reporting verbs
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indicate, claim, contend, report
reports or includes a thought or belief. Make sure to keep "that" after a reporting verb |
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Concrete Vs. Action nouns
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Try to keep from being parallel
concrete noun: things, ppl, places, time periods Ex. rock, continent, electron, region, week action noun: actions, often formed from verbs Ex. eruption, pollution, change, growth May parallel complex gerunds (not simple) MGMAT SC p213 |
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Simple Vs. Complex Gerunds
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Never parallel
Gerund: "Ing" form of a verb used as a noun Complex: May parallel action nouns. Gerund with... 1. Articles (a, an, the) 2. Adjectives 3. Of phrases for objects Ex. I prefer a quick reading OF THE TEXT Simple: Not complex MGMAT SC P.214 |
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Anticedent for "There"
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Must be an actual place and a noun, not an adjective.
Ex. Oil in Antarctica --OK Antarctic oil--NOT OK |
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Such
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Like the anticedent
MGMAT SC Ch 12 |
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Itself
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= reflexive pronoun = obj that directly refers to subj
MGMAT SC Ch12 |
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Do so Vs. Do it
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Do so = Can refer to entire action
Do it = it must refer to actual noun or anticedent |
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Starting a sentence with "it" ?
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Preferred to starting a sentence with an infinitive or a "that" phrase
Ex. It is futile to resist donuts [Preferred to] To resist donuts is futile Ex. It gave us happiness that we scored [Preferred to] That we scored gave us happiness MGMAT SC Ch12 |
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Too many pronouns?
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Try using a synonym
MGMAT SC Ch12 |
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GMAT possessive preference
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No "of Parry's",
only "of Parry" or "Parry's" MGMAT SC Ch12 |
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Not ok subgroup modifiers
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, of which some were
,some of them which were ,some of which MGMAT SC Ch12 |
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And This / And that?
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No. Don't use.
MGMAT SC Ch12 |
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In addition to
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Que to add Ex. after subj.
Ex. In addition to taxes, death is inevitable <-- OK MGMAT SC Ch12 |
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Number Comparisons
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Multiplication:
USE "Times...as...as..." or "Times", "six times", etc Do Not Use "Times...than" MGMAT SC Ch12 |
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Lay Vs. Lie
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Lie = Subj of the sentence
Simple Past: Lay Present Participle: Lying Past Participle: have lain Lay = Obj of the sentence Simple Past: Laid Present Participle: Laying Past Participle: have laid Grammer girl aprx p.51 |
