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167 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Socrates
Accused of corrupting Athens's youth and disbelieving traditional gods, is tried and sentenced to die by ingesting poison
Knowledge is intuitive and is merely revealed by learning
o Described as the best & wisest” & ”most noble” man
Plato
All things physical are imperfect and changeable; only the Forms do not change. Therefore, the Forms are more fundamental and real than are physical things.

o The physical world is only an approximation (like a shadow) of reality.
Allegory of the Cave
Established "the Academy" and wrote The Republic
Aristotle
Pupil of Plato; Personal tutor of Alexander the Great
All matter is composed of four elements: fire, earth, water & air, which are confined to the earthly realm
The Golden Mean = Avoid Extremes
Scientific Method
+ Material (What is it made of?)
+ Efficient (What caused it?)
+ Formal (What is its Form or essence?)
+ Final (What is its purpose?)
Socratic Method
+ Pose questions and then question the answers

+ Search for the ultimate nature of qualities (i.e. what is duty, truth, evil, or ethical)
quintessence
Unchangeing material that makes up the heavenly realm. The "5th element"
Hellenism
describes time between the fall of the Golden Age of Greece and the establishment of the Roman Empire
cultural centers of hellenism ceased to be focused within the territory of Greece itself - other locals like Egypt and Persia became even more important than and surpassed Greece
taken from Greek word Hella, which is what the Greeks called themselves
Phillip of Macedonia
came to power (NOT conquered) in Macedonia
Alexander The Great was his son and became king of Macedonia and Greece
Alexander the Great
Ideal Greek (conqueror, general), cut gordium knot = destined to rule the world, mercy and respect to soldiers and captives, 10,000 greek men marry babylonian women to spread greece
Ptolemy
ruled Egypt after Alexander
Seleucus
rules Persia and eastward after Alexander
Attalid
ruled Pergamum after Alexander
Hellenistic Art
more realistic and emotional, Egypt stopped shipping papyrus, which led to development of parchment (at Pergamon)and the codex, Septuagent written
Euclid
Director of Alexandria Library,
Calculated the circumference of the earth, assembled everything known about GEOMETRY
Archimedes
Scientific Notation, Pi, Theory of Levers, bouyancy, war weapons, SPHERE INSCRIBED IN CYLINDER
Skeptics and Cynics
Doubting everything b/c they couldn't know "for sure", always looked on the negative side, unhappy b/c of rejection of physical side of life
Diogenes
Skeptic/cynic leader, simply asked Alexander to move out of his sun while tanning
Stoics
Searched for ultimate truth in their lives
o Truth can be discovered by senses & passed to the brain, but are subject to error from emotions.
o The greatest good is surrender to the Divine Will (Logos)
o Practiced Apathea: the active control of emotions.
Asceticism
concept of living simply, shunning luxury and complexity, while retaining some value of sensory perceptions
Peripatetics
"those who wander around", Concentrated on knowledge through science
+ Senses were a valid source of knowledge
+ Emotion was a way of evaluating knowledge
Epicureans
Rejected religion
o Didn’t care about ultimate truth
o Life began by spontaneous generation & no life after death
o Pleasure was freedom from pain & fear
o Live according to the most pleasure
+ True (long term) pleasure brings happiness
o Believed the universe follows laws governing atoms (Atomic Theory)
Antiochus IV
Believed in completely Hellenizing and uniting the various people of the empire.

o Ordered the end to worship of any gods other than the Greek pantheon (Zeus, etc)
Judas Maccabeus
Son of Mattathias who refused to accept the decree from Antiochus IV

o Lead the Maccabean revolt & captured Jerusalem & cleansed the temple

o The Maccabees are the people that are spoken of in the festival of Hanukkah
Sadducee
Believed that the survival of the people depended on their accommodation with the Greeks who ruled them.

o The most prominent faction among the Jewish community.

o Governed by the ruling priest class
Pharisee
Opposed the Sadducees

o Gained power as a result of the Maccabean revolt

o Resisted all changes to their religion

o Resisted Hellenization
Antipate
Leader of Idumaeans

o Father of Herod

o Gave Herod governorship of Jerusalem
Diaspora
The scattering of the Jews by the Romans

o Jews were scattered across Europe, Africa, & Asia
Greek Beauty
Dimensional Perfection. Attempt to capture the Form of beauty that is within

o The human body is the most perfect creation & should be seen & honored

o All art, especially buildings, should have symmetry & balance
Jewish Beauty
God’s creations are all beautiful

o No graven images & modesty in revealing the human body

o Simplicity is best
Christian Beauty
Beauty is found in both God’s creations & also in human creation

o All art should lift the spiritual life of mankind. Nudity may be uplifting or may be degrading

o Beauty comes from the spirit or goodness that is inside.
Hellenistic Art
Often showed movement

o Usually very dramatic
Plato’s Truth
The Form is true and unchanging

o Truth is perceived through Reason

o Humans know truth in their memory of previous lives
Aristotle’s Truth
The senses lead to an understanding of the true nature of things.

o Truth is perceived through Empiricism

o Humans understand truth through nature
Jews/Christian’s Truth
Truth is known to God

o Humans can find truth on their own or by revelation

o Conflicts between human knowledge and God’s will be resolved in God’s favor.
Aeneid
Virgil’s epic book
- Story of Aneneas
-Tells a story and defines personal qualities that should be emulated. (Compare Iliad and Odessey)
Aeneas
One of the most admired Trojan heros
By leaving Dido he shows the values of first century Romans by his devotion to duty in the face of love
Dido
Queen of Carthage
Aeneas' lover
Committed suicide on Aeneas departure
Llavinia
Daughter of King Latinus
Aeneas' wife
Rhea Silvia
-Vestal virgin
-Raped by god Mars
-Mother of Romulus and Remus
Romulus/Remus
-Twins of Rhea Silvia
-Were ordered to be drowned but washed ashore and raised by a she wolf
-Built a city where they could be safe
-Romulus killed Remus
-Romulus became the first king of Rome
Lucius Targquinius Superbus
-The last king of the Regal Period
-Murderer and unbearable oppressive.
-Overthrown by citizens
-Inspired new government
SPQR
-“Senatus Populusque Romanum” or “Senate and People of Rome”
-Symbol of Rome
Patricians
Land holders
Plebians
-Artisans, merchants, soldiers, tenant farmers, and common people
Senatus
-Most important to overall operation
-Controlled foreign affairs and army
-Could make no laws
-Appointed consuls, censors, dictators
Consul
-Chief executive officers of Rome.
-Exercised power of veto
Censors
-Magistrates guarded moral values of Rome
-Conducted a census
-Raised people from status of Pleb to Patrician.
Dictator
-Experienced Senator
-Appointed only in time of emergency
-Assumed total control of government for 6 months
Julius Caesar
Caesar and Crassus united with Pompey in what has become known as the triumvirate
*Enlarged the membership of the Senate from 600 to 900, thus diluting the power of the Optimates and increasing his own power
*A group of twenty opposing Senators, (including his illegitimate son, Brutus) assassinated him
Horatio
Instructed the Roman army to destroy the bridge
He stood at the far side of the bridge fighting off the Estruscans
Eventually he was the last man fighting at the bridge, thus the saying, "Horatio at the bridge"
Fell into the water but was miraculously saved by being swept to the Roman shore
Horatii family--three brothers (triplets)
Fought against another set of triplets from the tribe of Curiatii
The Horatii took an oath to defend the city of Rome to the death
The only serviving Horatii brother returned home a hero after killing all three Curiatii
When he found his sister distraught over the death of one of the dead Curiatii, to whom she was betrothed, he drew his sword & slew her
"No Roman woman should grieve for a slain foe of Rome."

Moral lesson: Rome and her interests come before personal interests
Centuries
= the smallest unit of the Roman army
100 men
Lead by a centurion=an experienced fighter who had proved himself in battle by showing great personal bravery and dedication to Roman values.
Maniple
=the next larger unit, heavily armed units of 3 centuries
Half as large as a phlanx and therefore much more maneuverable
Military tribune=unit commander over each maniple
Legion
=groups of maniples with supporting light cavalry, consisting of approx. 6000 men
Gaius
Tiberuis' younger brother
Blamed the Optimates for his brothers' death and began a campaign of revenge.
Initiated laws that decreased the power of the Senate.
Marius
Elected consul to solve the problem of a revolt in Africa.
Personally offered those who would join his new army riches and land in the conquered territories.
Actions resulted in a professional army for the first time.
Elected consul many times (an unprecedented occurrence)
Was hated by the Senate because of some political decisions and was forced into exile
Sulla
Leader of the Optimates
Initiated a destructive tool called a "proscription list", in which he listed the names of his enemies and promised that whoever killed the people on that list would be rewarded with the land of the person they had killed.
Cataline
Attempted to become consul but was defeated by Cicero
Cicero
A powerful leader of the Optimates.
Supporter of moderation.
Julius Caesar
Spoke against Cicero.
Captured by pirates as a young boy. Released after ransom and returned to Rome.
Crassus
Gained wealth by organizing Rome's only fire department and then exacting payments from homeowners for membership. If payments were not payed "accidental" fires would sometimes occur and no firefighters would respond.
Leader of Roman army that defeated the slave revolt led by Spartacus.
Used decimation of his army to "encourage" them to work harder in their pursuit of Spartacus.
Pompey
Companion consul to Crassus
A highly competent and popular general
Triumvirate
Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey united together to create the triumvirate.
These three, together, ruled Rome.
Reduced the influence of their enemies in the Senate
Rubicon River
In Northern Italy, the place where Caesar reported he saw a vision of a giant who sounded a trumpet and then went across the river and beckoned Caesar.
In response to his vision Caesar remarked "The die is cast" and went forth with his army into the territory of Italy.
Ptolemy XIII
Killed Pompey
King of Egypt
Brother and husband of Cleopatra VII.
Cleopatra VII
Was invited to accompany Ptolemy to meet with Caesar, but she feared to openly enter the palace. So she rolled herself in a rug and was carried inside the palace.
It is said that her affair with Caesar began that night
Octavian
Caesar's heir
Along with Mark Anthony he successfully defeated the conspirators and began to rule Rome.
Wanted to reform the often chaotic pattern that had prevailed for over a hundred years, so he created a new system and lasted (in some modified forms) for another 500 years. This system we call the Roman Empire
Augustus
Title given to Julius Caesar’s nephew, Octavian; “The Greatest”

o Called himself “princeps civitatis” or “first citizen”

o Period of rule called the principate

o Retired from ruling, but was appointed to the position of consul & leader of the army

o Retired from the position of consul, but was appointed to the position of pro-consul over all territories outside Rome.
Julio-Claudians
Period of time denoting the rule of Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius, Claudius, & Nero
Tiberius
+ Became estranged from the Senate & retired to his estate on the Isle of Capri

+ Forced out of retirement by the commander of the guard, Sejanus who was left in control but started killing his rivals
Gaius
+ Known as Caligula or “little boot”

+ Went insane and was killed by the commander of the guard
Claudius
+ Only remaining descendent of Tiberius after Sejanus’ purge

+ Wife was unfaithful so he executed her and married his niece, Agrippina

+ Murdered by Agrippina
Nero
+ Married the daughter of Claudius

+ Had his mother, all his advisors, and his wife killed

+ Blamed the Christians for the burning of Rome
Flavians
The dynasty of emperors following the Julio-Claudians; named after the first emperor’s family name.

o Emperors were Vespasian, Titus, And Domitian

o Emperors sought to reduce the power of the Senate & increase the power of the Emperorship

o Imposed taxes to develop a large treasury
Nervan-Antonians
Characterized as the Golden Age of Rome

o Also called the time of the Five Good Emperors.

o Emperors were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, & Commodus
Nerva
+ Elderly (62) & childless

+ Appointed Trajan to be the next emperor
Trajan
+ Successful general on the German front

+ Adopted a passive position toward the persecution of the Christians
Hadrian
+ Consolidated the empire’s borders

+ Built a wall across the northern frontier of Britain (Hadrian’s wall) that still separates England & Scotland
Antoninus Pius
+ Imitated Augustus

+ Promoter of the arts, sciences, & technologies
Marcus Aurelius
+ Last of the Five Good Emperors; reign characterized by nearly constant warfare.

+ A committee Stoic; better known for his writing than for his warfare
Commodus
+ An extreme egotist

+ Dressed as a gladiator in order to experience the thrill of combat
Third Century Disaster
Near collapse of the empire due to military emperors

o Characterized by constant violence and revolt

o 24 emperors & 24 usurpers; 45 of the 48 were assassinated & the rest died in captivity, battle, or by plague
Tetrarchy
Diocletian appointed emperor & ended the crisis of the Third Century

o Empire was divided into 2 halves with 2 subsections

o Rulers of the 2 halves were called Augustus with 2 Caesars under them

o System worked until Diocletian retired & forced Maximian (the other Augustus) to retire
Constantine
Fought wars to decide emperor; reported receiving a vision of a Christian symbol (chi Rho) & received the impression that if he were to fight under the Christian symbol, he would be victorious

o Accepted Christianity; later became one on deathbed; Edict of Milan relieved Christian persecution

o Convened the Nicaean Council & enforced the council’s action establishing the Imperial Church.

o Built the new capital at Byzantium called Neo-Roma, but was named Constantinople after his death.
Post-Constantinians
All emperors, save one, were Christians

o Romans stopped joining the army & so mercenaries were used instead

o Western Rome fell to Germanic groups such as the Visigoths, Vandals, Ostrogoths, Franks & Anglo-Saxons
Roman Science, Technology, and Art
Romans took most, if not all, of their culture from the Greeks
Greeks were seeking for perfection, for the "truth"
Romans placed their emphasis on practicality and usefulness
Virgil
Great Roman poet who wrote the Aneid and modeled it after Homer's Odyssey
Friend to Augustus
perfected hexameter
Aneid
Aeneas was the 'wandering' hero
started after the Tojan war
Aeneas gets ship wrecked at Carthage, falls in love with queen Dido but leaves because Aeneas feels he must obey the gods and continue his quest to find a new home for the Trojans
Dido kills her self with a sword
Aeneas arrives in Latium (western part of Italy), married local kings daughter, and settled.

The Aneid reflected values that were already in place rather than establishing them.
Cicero
Translated Greek texts to latin
Brought concepts to common man's understanding

Murdered by Mark Anthony
Laws and Republic
Marcus Aurelius
Roman Emperor-philosopher who had a strong sense of dedication to what is right and wrong that can be seen in his writtings
Wrote the Meditaions, which reflects well the thinking of the roman elite during the Roman Golden age
Stoic philosophy
Seneca
Infuential to Nero - his teacher
Roman Playwright - removed the art and left amusement
Tacitus
Rome's great historian who had 2 great works - Histories and Annals
The 2 works differ from predecessors in their objectivity and verification of the truth - Entertaining
Pliny the Elder
Wrote Natural History which included all the knowledge of humankind he could collect - included subjects like cosmology, astronomy, geography, etc
Alot of the information we wrote is accurate and interesting but some is proven to be in error, probably because he got the information from unproven souces
Died at Mt. Vesuvius due to his curiosity
Sculpture
Most Roman sculpture was simply copied from the Greek original - usually trying to be as exact as possible.
When Roman sculptors did works that were not copies of the Greek, their approach was to make their sculpture look realistic - often portraying a specific person and showing personal characteristics, even if it was of an imperfect form.
Triumphal arch of Titus
Sacking of Jerusalem is depicted - with representation of carrying off the temple menorah.
Done in relief - Romans liked to decorate tombs and memorials with sculpture, often in reliefs (relief: sculpture that is not freestanding or fully 3-d, but projects from a surface)
many other triumphal arches are scattered throughout Rome
Roman Architecture and Engineering
Romans saw little difference between the two, and were taught them together. Engineering (functionality) was foremost, and beauty was an afterthought.
Two important technologies that made the empire work: perfection of the arch, invention of concrete
Coliseum
Built to accommodate 50,000 spectators
three Levels of seats- each individually identified with numbers for seat assignments (according to price)
in partial ruin today because the Romans in the Middle Ages took the blocks to build other structures.
Pantheon
Best preserved ancient roman structure in Rome, combines the concept of the arch - developed into the dome - with the other great engineering technology developed by the Romans - concrete.
Dome is over 140 ft in diameter
Used as a temple to their gods, later useds as a church bye the Christians , now a memorial tomb for the greatest people in the history of Italy.
Occulus
a single opening at the top of the dome, which is open to the sky.

Brings light into the structure
Concrete
important because it made the dome possible
was more practical for getting the exact shape desired.
construction was faster and easier with concrete.
used to provide municipal services for the city (i.e. large concrete pools to hold water, sewer systems, roads, etc).
Ptolemy
Most important Greek scientist

Planets move in a circular path
Developed an astronomical system
Jesus of Nazareth
Began his religious teaching at age of 30
Taught love, hope, forgiveness
Taught that he was the son of God and the Messiah
Jewish court convicted him on false charges and took him to Romans, who crucified him
Suffered Atonement for all, taking the sins of the world upon him

Pharisees and Sadducees felt their power was threatened and denounced Jesus' teachings and miracles

Jesus' apostles took on the leadership of the Christian religion and many Jews were taught and converted
Peter
Head Apostle of Jesus
Inspired to begin preaching to all people, not just the Jews
Paul
Jew converted by a vision of Jesus on road to Damascus
Christianity's foremost missionary to Gentiles
Previous to conversion, Paul persecuted the Christians
Transitions in early Christianity
Geography (success among Gentiles, Jerusalem destroyed)
Sociology (rural to urban)
Language (Aramaic to Greek)
Culture (Jewish to Greco-Roman, customs such as circumcision)
Jews persecuted because
If Christianity was accepted, it made Judaism a dead religion
New covenant implies Jews lost old covenant
They believed only God could heal, not Christ
Did not like doctrine of resurrection
Nero
blamed Christians for Rome burning
crucified Christians along Appian Way and set them on fire
Are inspired ideas (revealed from God) creative?
God's influence enhances human creativity, doesn't detract from it
If it's not inspiration, then the creativity comes from the individual
In either case, the individual would have to recognize, receive and act on the inspiration
Either way the individual is creative
Eusebius
Christian in Caesarea
church historian who wrote "The History of the Church"
wrote of succession problems in church leadership(family ties as opposed to revelation) and doctrinal errors(godless error, false teachings, copying errors, etc.) in the early church
Origen
Christian "father" who understood, taught, and described religion from Greek background as opposed to Jewish
Gnosticism
Secret knowledge known only to a few
associated with creation story
two aspects of god (harsh and loving)
2 groups (intellectual and occult)
Arianism
Christ created by the Father
Christ and Father seperate
Christ gave up body when he became a god
Christianity in the East
Catholic, Pope, Latin, Rome
Christianity in the West
Eastern Orthadox Church, Patriarch, Greek, Jerusalem
Emperor Diocletian
Ordered all inhabitants of Rome to sacrifice to Roman gods or be put to death

--Many Christians abandoned Christianity

--Some Christians fled Roman Empire and lived among the barbarians

--Lead to barbarians converted to Christianity

--After reign of Diocletian, power struggle ensued and Constantine emerged as the sole Roman emperor.
Constantine
Ascension to power linked with Christianity

-Night before battle had a vision he was told he would conquer under sign of Christianity.

-Painted Christian symbol on shields of soldiers

-After battle won, and war, Constantine made emperor

-Issued edict of religious tolerance and Christian persecution ended

-Established new capital, Constantinople as a Christian city

-Baptized a Christian near end of his life
Nicene Council 325 AD
Called by Constantine to remedy problems and unify Christian church

-300 bishops came

-Primary issue was Christological

--Athanasius: Christ was uncreated and one and the same substance as God

--Arian: Christ was created and of a distinct but similar substance as God

22 came supporting Arianism, but most changed their vote

People not accepting Nicene Creed were killed

-Reached agreement on Trinity (fundamental core of Nicene Creed)

God the Son was begotten of the Father’s substance

God is 1 object in Himself and 3 objects to Himself

Trinity is fundamental miracle of the world
Jerome
Compiled manuscripts and letters that could be considered authentic and made a Latin

translation of the Bible called the Vulgate
St Augustine
Didn’t like Christianity

-Adopted Manichaeanism—two forces in the universe, good and evil

-Didn’t like it mystics of Manichaeanism, so lead a life as openly sinful

-Mother Monica persisted and Ambrose (bishop of Milan) mentored Augustine

-Converted to Christianity

-Became priest

-Made bishop of Hippo

-Wrote “Confessions” about his sinful past

-Wrote “The City of God”—Christian interpretation of world history
The City of God
Two cities—city of God, city of man

-City of Man was human and material in nature and pulled man away from God (Rome)

Will be destroyed

-City of God was spiritual and lifted man toward God (heart and soul of every true Christian)

Will exist forever
Pope Gregory I
Announced accommodation of the Church to pagan beliefs

--missionary effort Christianity began it’s dominance over paganism in Europe

--dominance of Roman Bishop over all other leaders in the Church
Byzantium aka Constantinople
Trading town that was on peninsula, surrounded by large defensive outer wall.
Took only 6 years to build and caused fall of Rome
Place of "New Rome"
Church of Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia)
Largest church in Christianity; built by Constantine
Hagia Sophia in Greek
Justinian (Golden Age of Byzantine)
Took over as emperor of Byzantine Empire
decided to attack Persians
Re-established key features of Roman Empire
Nike Revolt
Blues and greens riot for a week after the 22nd race because Justinian captured their leaders
Mob very hostile and called Hypatius as new emperor right there in Hippodrome
Belisarius ended it by striking from both sides and killing over 30,000 people inside the Hippodrome
Bubonic Plague
Epidemic that killed 40-70% of the Byzantine Empire
Justinian Code (also known as: Codex Constitutonum)
1. At the beginning of Justinian’s reign, the old roman legal code was still in effect, but was a mess because of many of these laws conflicted with the laws of the conquered states, so Justinian created the “Justinian Code” which consolidated and codified the legal code.(Simplified 2-3 million lines of laws to just 150,000 lines)

2. Achieved its goal of bringing order to a chaotic legal system and unity to a large empire, Byzantium

3. Dealt with everyday legal matters such as: property rights, inheritances, trial and punishment. Also gave women improved status. According to the law rapists were punishable by death. Solidified Christian church’s place at center of empire. Slavery allowed but governed strictly. Freed slaves guaranteed same rights as natural-born freemen.
Hagia Sophia: (Church of Holy Wisdom)
1. Rebuilt by Justinian. "seeming not to rest on the masonry below it, but to be suspended by a chain of gold from the height of the sky.”

2. 20,000 pounds of gold used in the building. Supported with domes and buttresses.


3. Justinian said: “O Solomon, I have outdone thee.”
Chalcedonians
1. Believed Christ has two separate natures, one human and one divine

2. Each part of Christ exists simultaneously yet separately, within the person of the resurrected Jesus Christ
Council of Chalcedon 451AD
1. End result of a disagreement between the Chalcedonians and the Monophysites

2. Degreed that Christ has two separate natures, one human and one divine and that each exists simultaneously yet separately, within the person of the resurrected Christ.
Monophysites
1. Eastern emperor, Zeno, was a monophysite and called from Henotikon, which was a compromise between the chalcedonians and monophysites

2. Monophysites believe that Christ had one nature, as the divine person of Christ took over his human nature so that the human nature no longer existed.

3. Refused to accept the decision made in Chalcedon and continued the debate
Henotikon
1. A compromise between monophysites and chalcedonians set forth by emperor Zeno of the east.

2. This was generally accepted by patriarchs in the east in Byzantium, where monophysitism was more popular, but the bishops of the west would not allow it, therefore Pope Felix III (head of church in west) decided to excommunicate the Patriarch of Constantinople (head of church in east)

3. This is one of the factors that brought about the schism between the east and west.
Pope Felix III
1. Decided to excommunicate the patriarch of Constantinople

2. Would not accept the “heretical” doctrine of Henotikon of the east
Patriarch of Constantinople
1. Symbolic head of church in east

2. Was excommunicated by the pope for embracing “heretical” doctrine Henotikon
Arianism
1. Type of Christianity followed by the Goths.

2. Justin attacked this group and this attack against a common enemy seemed to unite the eastern and western groups.
Samaritans
1. Hated by both Christians and Jews

2. Samaritan synagogues were destroyed under Justinian’s decrees

3. They weren’t allowed the right to deed their property to anyone who was not a Christian. Samaritans were forced to convert to Christianity in order to keep their family lands
Icons
1. Paintings and holy images of religious figures that are considered a window in to the heavenly world

2. One would speak through the image to the world of divine and thus draw closer to God
Iconoclasts
1. Literally means image breakers

2. The word has since taken the meaning to refer to any person who attacks an established tradition, belief, or institution

3. Emperor Leo III ordered all images destroyed. Roman Church refused to break icons.
Charlemagne
1. Catholic church didn’t agree with the view of Leo III b they still wanted the protection/support of an emperor, so they turned to the king of the Franks, Charlemagne

2. The western church further aggravated the eastern church by naming Charlemagne the “Holy Roman Emperor”, thus challenging the position of the Byzantium Emperor as head of the church and also proclaiming that a new roman emperor was being established in the west and was independent of Byzantium
Justin II
1. After Justinian’s death, his son, Justin II was his successor but was never able to reclaimed by Byzantium

2. A combination of elaborate spending and bad luck, the Byzantium empire faded under Justin II
Greek Fire
1. Byzantines rebuilt their empire and protected the ward approaches to their capital with a creative new discovery called “Greek Fire”

2. Type of petroleum product that could be sprayed on an opposing ship and ignited
Magyaars
1. Attacked Byzantium between 1060-1107 taking much of Hungary and Romania (Byzantium’s remaining European territory)

2. Unable to take Constantinople
Istanbul
1. 1453 Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul, bringing an end to the eastern empire

2. Loss of Constantinople forced Christian scholars living there to flee for safety. Many fled to Italy and taking their knowledge lost to Europe during the dark ages and helped bring about the renaissance
Mohammud
received 1st heavenly instruction in 610 AD

-Holy Qur'an (Koran) convey to Mohammed

-Muslims believe he is the last great prophet

-Born in Mecca

-father died before he was born, mother died when he was six

-raised by uncle

-never learned to read or write
Khadijah
had Mohammed lead her caravan. They fell in love and got married, had 6 children
Ramadan
Mohammad went to a cave in Mount Hira during month of Ramadan
-angel Gabirel came to Mohammad and commanded him to recite from beautiful scroll
-messages became Koran, Islam's holy book
Higera
period of time between Mohammed's departure from Mecca in defeat and his eventual triumphant return
Yathrib/Medina
village settled by Mohammed
Yathrib name changed to Medina
-means "City of the Prophet"
-Mohammad changed civil laws to reflect laws of God
More on Mohammed
lead his followers in religious wars
attacked Mecca in 630 AD and won--destroyed all of the idols
turned Ka'ba into a mosque (place of kneeling)
died 2 years after capture of Mecca
Ka'ba
-holiest site in Islam
-sits in the middle of the Grand Mosque (Istambul)
Five Pillars that Muslims should accept:
Believe in only one God, Allah, and Mohammed as his last and greatest prophet
*Pray 5 times daily
ritualized, certain prayers recited while kneeling and touching head to ground
men and women separated during prayer
ritual cleansing before prayer
always done facing Mecca
*Give alms to the needy (1/40 of income)
*Fast during Ramadan
Eid- a special celebration when ramadan comes comes to a close at which families father to give thanks.
*Visit Mecca on a pilgrimage--journey called Haj
five day ritual of spiritual cleansing
all dressed in white pilgrim robes
Jihad
Personal struggle to draw close to Allah
must become contrite and submissive
can also be collective for community of Islam
(jihad ensures that Allah's people will be free to worship Allah as they wish)
Qu'ran
Koran is the word of Allah only in Arabic
Hadith
other teachings of Mohammed, guide in living not as much doctrinal weight as Koran
Sunnis
Any just Muslim can serve as leader.
The individual work to perfection.
Shi'ites
Next leader must be chosen by previous leader.
Believed that Ali, Mohammed's son should be leader.
The Organizational work to perfection.
Caliphs
Four individuals up for leadership succession after death of Mohammed.
Abu Bakr
Umar
Uthman
Ali
Umayyad Dynasty
Ruled after death of Ali for about 100 years.
Shi'ites disliked them.
Focus on military conquest.
During their rule Islam spread throughout North Africa, Spain, and Persia.
Administrative center moved to Damascus.
Abbasids
Ruled after Umayyad.
Moved headquarters to Baghdad.
Focus on arts, sciences, and culture.
Islams "Golden Age".
Golden Age ended around 969 AD.
Mongols defeated them in 1258 AD.
Library of Cordoba
over 400,000 volumes
Averros
wrote about aristotle and preserved much greek learning
Dome of the Rock
Built in 685 in Jerusalem where Mohammed ascended to heaven.
Called "the noble sanctuary".
calligrapht-using beautiful writing as a decorative art.
topkapi- a palace and headquarters of the ottoman empire
Taj Mahal
Built in 16th century in Agra.
Built as resting place for a Mughal leaders wife.
Built with symmetry and balance out of white marble, gold, silver and semi precious stones.
Math and Science
Algebra around 580AD.
Algorithm
Alkali
Aldehyde
Almanac
...
Zero
Cipher
Astronomy
Metal Working
Avicenna
Advanced medicine and physics.
matter once in motion wants to stay in motion.
bodies move with a velocity inversely proportional to their weight.
Works used as textbook in Europe for over 500 years.
Mughals
Two Islamic Mongols who ruled Persia and India.
Tamarlane
Babar
Blended the two cultures and introduced more culture.
Ottoman Turks
Seljuks and then the Ottomans.
Conquered the Byzantine Empire.
16th century they conquered everything up to the gates of Vienna.
Controlled areas of Africa, Middle East, and Southern Europe until end of World War 1.