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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
consciousness
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our awareness of ourselves and our environment
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biological rhythms
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periodic physiological fluctuations (four types--annual, 28-day, 24-hour, 90 minute)
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circadian rhythm
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biological clock that has a regular bodily rhythm (temperature, wakefulness during 24-hour day)
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melatonin
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sleep-inducing hormone. increases at night
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REM sleep
Rapid Eye Movement |
Recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur
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alpha waves
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relatively slow bran waves of relaxed, awake state
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hallucinations
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false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in an absence of external stimuli (hypnogagic sensations)
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delta waves
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large slow waves associated with deep sleep
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sleep...
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periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness
helps PROTECT, RESTORES and repairs, and helps REMEMBER, and GROW. |
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insomnia
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recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
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narcolepsy
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sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. sufferers may lapse into REM sleep at inappropriate times
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sleep apnea
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sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and repeated involuntary awakenings (can happen up to 400 times a night).
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night terrors
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sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified
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dream
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sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through sleeping persons mind
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manifest content
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according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its hidden meaning)
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latent content
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according to Freud, the underlying meaning of dream.
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Freud wish fulfillment
DT |
dreams as safety valve
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information processing
DT |
Dreams help us sort out day's events and consolidate our memories
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Physiological function
DT |
Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural paths.
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Activation-synthesis
DT |
REM sleep triggers neural activity tat evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain waves store.
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Cognitive theory
DT |
dram content reflects dreamers' cognitive development, knowledge, and development
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REM rebound
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tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
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hypnosis
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social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggest to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors spontaneously occur
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posthypnotic suggestion
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suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after subject is no longer hypnotized
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dissociation
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split of consciousness which allows one's thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously in others
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Hypnosis Social Phenomenon
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subjects are just playing a role
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Hypnosis Divided Consciousness
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may perform even if no one is watching
behavior is on autopilot |
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psychoactive durgs
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chemical substance that alterps perception or mood
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tolerance
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diminishing effect with regular use of same dose of drug, requiring user to take larger doses before experiencing drug's effect
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withdrawal
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discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing use of addictive drug
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physical dependence
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physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawals symptoms.
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psychological dependence
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psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
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Myths of addiction righted
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Most people don't become addicted to drugs taken medically
People don't necessarily need therapy People put term of addiction to things that shouldn't have that distinction (shopping ex.) |
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depressants
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drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body function
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Barbiturates
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drugs that depress the activity of CNS, reducing anxiety, but impairing memory and moral judgment. tranquilizers like sleeping pills
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Opiates
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opium and its derivatives (heroin and morphine) that depress neural activity temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
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Stimulatns
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drugs (like caffeine) that excite the neural activity and speed up body functions
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amphetamines
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drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
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methamphetamine
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powerfully addictive drug that stimulates CNS with speeded up functions and associated energy and mood changes. over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
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cocaine
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fast track euphoria to crash
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Ecstasy MDMA
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synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risk and long-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons
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hallucinogens
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psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs, like LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
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LSD (lysergic acid dienthlamide)
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powerful hallucinogenic drug...aka acid
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THC
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marijuana's major component
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near death experience
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an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (cardiac arrest); often similar to dry-induced hallucinations
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dualism
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presumption that mind and body are two distinct emotions
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monism
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presumption mind and body are different aspects of something
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motivation
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need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
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instinct
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complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
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drive-reduction theory
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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state
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anorexia nervosa
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eating disorder where a normal weight person (normally teen girl) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet still feeling fat continues to starve
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bulimia nervosa
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eating disorder with episodes of overeating (high calorie food) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fainting, or excessive exercise. Weight fluctuates
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sexual response cycle
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the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson--excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
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refractory period
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resting period after orgasm, during which man cannot achieve another orgasm
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sexual disorder
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problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
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estrogen
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sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females. in nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
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testosterone
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most important male sex hormones. Males/females have it, but additional in males stimulates growth of male sex organs in fetus and development of male sex characteristics during ovulation
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sexual orientation
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an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual) or other sex (heterosexual)
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flow
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completely involved, focused state of consciousness with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting in optimal engagement of one's skills
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industrial-organizational psychology
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application of psychological concepts and methods optimizing human behavior in workplace
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personnel psychology
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subfield of I/O psych that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development
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organizational psychology
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subfield of I/O psych that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational changes
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Interviewer illusion
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interviewers have an illusory correlation (look successes hire, not successes didn't hire)
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structured interview
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interview process that asks same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales
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Appraising performance
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helps figure out who to retain, use strengths
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360 feedback
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rate yourself, manager, colleagues; and be rated by them. open communication, more complete appraisal
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halo errors
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overall evaluation of employee trait biases behavior
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achievement motivation
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desire for significant accomplishment for mastery of things, people, or ideas, for attaining high standards
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task leadership
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goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
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social leadership
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group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
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emotion
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a response of the whole organism involving psychological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experiences
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James-Lange theory
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theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological response to emotion-arousing stimuli.
Emotion follows body response |
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Cannon-Bard theory
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theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and subjective experience of emotions.
Emotion with body response |
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two-factor theory
Schacter-Singer theory |
to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. Emotions grow out of awareness of body's arousal
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autonomic nervous system
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mobilizes for actions, body responds for action. less, controls arousal
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sympathetic division
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part of ANS which has adrenal glands release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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parasympathetic division
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ANS part that after a crisis passes inhibits further release of stress hormones, arousal goes down
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spillover effect
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arousal response from one event goes to next
arousal feels emotion, cognition channels it |
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amygdala
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emotion control center. will also send messages back to cortex
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nonverbal communication
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when you use body language to mean something
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facial feedback hypothesis
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expression amplify our emotions by activating muscles with states
sad-face makes sadness |
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behavior feedback hypothesis
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move body as experience emotion, likely to feel emotion to some degree
short steps vs. long steps |
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catharsis
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emotional release. in psychology, hypothesis maintains "releasing" aggression releases aggressive urges
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feel-good, do-good phenomenon
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people's tendency to be helpful when already in good mood
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subjective well-being
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self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. used along with measures of objective well-being (physical, economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life
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wealthier-but-no-happier phenomenon
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people just as happy as they were without the money
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adaptation-level phenomenon
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tendency to form judgments (of sounds, lights, incomes relative to a neutral level defined by previous experiences
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relative deprivation
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perception that one's worse off relative to those one compares against
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