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88 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
biological rhythms
periodic physiological fluctuations (four types--annual, 28-day, 24-hour, 90 minute)
circadian rhythm
biological clock that has a regular bodily rhythm (temperature, wakefulness during 24-hour day)
melatonin
sleep-inducing hormone. increases at night
REM sleep

Rapid Eye Movement
Recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur
alpha waves
relatively slow bran waves of relaxed, awake state
hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in an absence of external stimuli (hypnogagic sensations)
delta waves
large slow waves associated with deep sleep
sleep...
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

helps PROTECT, RESTORES and repairs, and helps REMEMBER, and GROW.
insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
narcolepsy
sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. sufferers may lapse into REM sleep at inappropriate times
sleep apnea
sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and repeated involuntary awakenings (can happen up to 400 times a night).
night terrors
sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified
dream
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through sleeping persons mind
manifest content
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its hidden meaning)
latent content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of dream.
Freud wish fulfillment

DT
dreams as safety valve
information processing

DT
Dreams help us sort out day's events and consolidate our memories
Physiological function

DT
Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural paths.
Activation-synthesis

DT
REM sleep triggers neural activity tat evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain waves store.
Cognitive theory

DT
dram content reflects dreamers' cognitive development, knowledge, and development
REM rebound
tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
hypnosis
social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggest to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors spontaneously occur
posthypnotic suggestion
suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after subject is no longer hypnotized
dissociation
split of consciousness which allows one's thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously in others
Hypnosis Social Phenomenon
subjects are just playing a role
Hypnosis Divided Consciousness
may perform even if no one is watching

behavior is on autopilot
psychoactive durgs
chemical substance that alterps perception or mood
tolerance
diminishing effect with regular use of same dose of drug, requiring user to take larger doses before experiencing drug's effect
withdrawal
discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing use of addictive drug
physical dependence
physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawals symptoms.
psychological dependence
psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
Myths of addiction righted
Most people don't become addicted to drugs taken medically
People don't necessarily need therapy
People put term of addiction to things that shouldn't have that distinction (shopping ex.)
depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body function
Barbiturates
drugs that depress the activity of CNS, reducing anxiety, but impairing memory and moral judgment. tranquilizers like sleeping pills
Opiates
opium and its derivatives (heroin and morphine) that depress neural activity temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Stimulatns
drugs (like caffeine) that excite the neural activity and speed up body functions
amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
methamphetamine
powerfully addictive drug that stimulates CNS with speeded up functions and associated energy and mood changes. over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
cocaine
fast track euphoria to crash
Ecstasy MDMA
synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risk and long-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons
hallucinogens
psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs, like LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD (lysergic acid dienthlamide)
powerful hallucinogenic drug...aka acid
THC
marijuana's major component
near death experience
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (cardiac arrest); often similar to dry-induced hallucinations
dualism
presumption that mind and body are two distinct emotions
monism
presumption mind and body are different aspects of something
motivation
need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
instinct
complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
drive-reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder where a normal weight person (normally teen girl) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet still feeling fat continues to starve
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder with episodes of overeating (high calorie food) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fainting, or excessive exercise. Weight fluctuates
sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson--excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
refractory period
resting period after orgasm, during which man cannot achieve another orgasm
sexual disorder
problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
estrogen
sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females. in nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
testosterone
most important male sex hormones. Males/females have it, but additional in males stimulates growth of male sex organs in fetus and development of male sex characteristics during ovulation
sexual orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual) or other sex (heterosexual)
flow
completely involved, focused state of consciousness with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting in optimal engagement of one's skills
industrial-organizational psychology
application of psychological concepts and methods optimizing human behavior in workplace
personnel psychology
subfield of I/O psych that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development
organizational psychology
subfield of I/O psych that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational changes
Interviewer illusion
interviewers have an illusory correlation (look successes hire, not successes didn't hire)
structured interview
interview process that asks same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales
Appraising performance
helps figure out who to retain, use strengths
360 feedback
rate yourself, manager, colleagues; and be rated by them. open communication, more complete appraisal
halo errors
overall evaluation of employee trait biases behavior
achievement motivation
desire for significant accomplishment for mastery of things, people, or ideas, for attaining high standards
task leadership
goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
social leadership
group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
emotion
a response of the whole organism involving psychological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experiences
James-Lange theory
theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological response to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Emotion follows body response
Cannon-Bard theory
theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and subjective experience of emotions.

Emotion with body response
two-factor theory

Schacter-Singer theory
to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. Emotions grow out of awareness of body's arousal
autonomic nervous system
mobilizes for actions, body responds for action. less, controls arousal
sympathetic division
part of ANS which has adrenal glands release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
parasympathetic division
ANS part that after a crisis passes inhibits further release of stress hormones, arousal goes down
spillover effect
arousal response from one event goes to next

arousal feels emotion, cognition channels it
amygdala
emotion control center. will also send messages back to cortex
nonverbal communication
when you use body language to mean something
facial feedback hypothesis
expression amplify our emotions by activating muscles with states

sad-face makes sadness
behavior feedback hypothesis
move body as experience emotion, likely to feel emotion to some degree

short steps vs. long steps
catharsis
emotional release. in psychology, hypothesis maintains "releasing" aggression releases aggressive urges
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people's tendency to be helpful when already in good mood
subjective well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. used along with measures of objective well-being (physical, economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life
wealthier-but-no-happier phenomenon
people just as happy as they were without the money
adaptation-level phenomenon
tendency to form judgments (of sounds, lights, incomes relative to a neutral level defined by previous experiences
relative deprivation
perception that one's worse off relative to those one compares against