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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pseudo-experiment
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A "false" experiment. A research design in which the investigator exposes one or more people to a variable of interest and notes that the people exposed to this treatment felt, thought, or behaved as expected.
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Control group
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A group that is used as a standard of comparison for assessing the effects of an experimental manipulations or psychological treatment.
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Selection bias
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Choosing research participants from a nonrepresentative sample by using imperfect sampling techniques rather than true random sampling. A threat to external validity.
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Nonresponse bias
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The bias that occurs in research when a substantial proprtion of those invited to take part in a study refuse to do so. If those who agree to take part are different from those who refuse, the resulting bias is similar to selection bias and represents a threat to external validity.
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History
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Changes that occur over time in a very large group of people such as those living in a city, state, nation, or culture. When an investigator conducts a pretest posttest study in which all participants receive a treatment, changes due to history may masquerade as treatments effects. A threat to internal validity.
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Maturation
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Changes that occur over time in a specific person or group of people due to normal development or experience.
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Regression toward the mean
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The tendency for people who receive extreme scores on a specific test or measure to score closer to the mean when given the test or measure at some point in the future. Occurs because performance is influenced by error or luck as well as by a persons true score. threat to internal validity.
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Hawthorne effect
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The increases in productivity that may occur when workers believe that their behavior is being studied or believe that they are receiving special treatment. Becuase participants who are receiving an experimental treatment are more likely to believe these things than are participants in a control condition, it may be mistaken for treatment effects and are a threat to internal validity.
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Testing effects
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The tendency for most people to perform better on a test or personality measure the second time they take the rest or measure. Threat to internal validity.
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Experimental mortality
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The failure of some researhc participants to complete an investigation. In an experiment or quasi-experiment this may include homogeneous attrition and hetergeneous attrition.
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Homogeneous attrition
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Attrition rates are equal across experimental conditions. Threat to external validity.
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Hetergeneous attrition
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Attrition rates are different across experimental conditions. threat to internal validity.
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