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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Action Potential |
-Discrete signal (voltage spike) that moves from the cell body of a neuron along its axon -At the end of the axon it enables the release of neurotransmiXers |
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Postsynaptic potential
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-Neurotransmitters bind to the membrane of the postsynaptic cell -Ion channels open and close leading to gradual changes in membrane potentials |
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Electoencephalograpghy (EEG)
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Is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record the electrical activity of the brain.
-Recording of electrical changes caused by the activity of neurons at the scalp. -Signals are very small (in the order of 1 to millionths of volts) and must be amplified. |
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Hans Berger (1873-1941) |
-First to measure electrical currents from human scalps -Coined the term electroencephalogram -Described alpha waves |
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Gamma waves |
High-level processing, binding - conscious perception |
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Beta waves |
Cognitive and emotional processing |
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Alpha waves |
Relaxed, unfocused attention, creativity |
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Theta waves |
Deeply relaxed (meditation), REM sleep, memory |
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Delta waves |
Deep Sleep |
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Event-Related Brain Potentials (ERPs) |
-Brain responses time-locked to some event which may be: -A sensory stimulus(such as the recognition of a flash or a sound) -A mental event (such as the recognition of a specified target stimulus) -Or the omission of a stimulus (such as an increases time gap between stimuli) |
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Doing an ERP Experiment |
-During a study, the subject listens to or watches some stimuli -These stimuli are called events -Electrical activity from the brain is recorded to a number of these events. |
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Obtaining ERPs |
-Consistent electrical changes can be seen by averaging together the electrical activity from a certain number of these events. -This activity is seen as a series of positive and negative going deflections. |
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What do ERPs tell? |
-The timing and size of these deflections -The location of this activity on the scalp -The time-course of processing in the brain -The location of the source of this activity |
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
-Brain activity requires oxygen -Increased brain activity results in increased blood flow to the areas that are active -fMRI can detect changes in blood oxygenation levels that correlate with neural activity with high spatial resolution -Temporal resolution is very poor, though. -The measurement of blood flow, blood volume, and oxygen use is called the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
-A very strong magnet that builds up a stable and intense magnetic field -Three weak(er) gradient magnet that builds variable magnetic fields -Radio frequency coils that transmit radio frequency waves into the body -Tissues specific radio frequency pulses -allows to create a map of tissues types in the body/body part |
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Computerized Tomography (CT) |
The groundwork for medical imaging was laid by German physicist Wilhelm Rontgen, who discovered X-rays in 1896. X-rays could move through the human body and that they would produce a negative photographic image of the body major structure. |
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Positions Emission Tomography (PET) |
Studying the relative activity of nervous system structures |
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Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) |
A technique for stimulating the cortex at regular intervals by applying a magnetic pulse through a wire coil encased in plastic and placed on the scalp |
