Metaphysics

Front 1

Aristotelian Universals

Back 1

believed universals are true and things in their own right.
they are defined as features, properties, and attribute (ex: baldness, heaviness)

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Platonic Universals

Back 2

exist separately and independent of any particulars.
not space and time, they are unchanging.
more abstract and mysterious than Aristotelian Universals.

Front 3

Nominalism

Back 3

acknowledges properties, but denies the existence of universals

Front 4

Substance Monism/Dualism

Back 4

monism: argues that existing things in the universe are reducible to a single reality.
dualism: argues that there are two ultimate substances/realities. (mind and matter)

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Epiphenomalism

Back 5

a one-way idea that material states cause mental states, but not vice versa (Thomas Huxley)

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Non-reductive Materialism

Back 6

while mental states are caused by physical states, they are not reducible to physical properties.
mental states exist, but not all are definable

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Instantiation

Back 7

impossible for a property to exist that is not had by some object.
ex: if all red objects were to disappear, then so would the property of the colour red

Front 8

Exclusion principle

Back 8

due to the apparent physical nature of the universe, there is no work left over for our mental states to do. thus, our focus is on mental states.

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Three Dimensional

Back 9

any object extended in time is wholly present at each moment of time.
denial of temporal parts, you at different times is simply identity

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Four Dimensional

Back 10

any object extended in time has different temporal parts at each moment in time.
the world of 4D consists of the 3Ds of space plus the dimension of time.

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Supervenience

Back 11

when lower level properties define its higher level properties. (ex: chemical properties which make up the biological processes of a plant)

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Universalism

Back 12

general features or attributes of objects. (ex: redness, heaviness, lightness)

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Mereology

Back 13

the study of part-whole relation. (ex: clay is part of the statue)

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Parallelism

Back 14

idea of two independent states (mental and physical).
no material states cause mental states and no mental states cause material states.

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Simples

Back 15

parts of complex objects which do not have any parts themselves, they are indivisible. (ex: atoms)

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Identity theory

Back 16

mental states are nothing more than neurophysical states.

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Nihilism

Back 17

the idea that material objects with proper parts do not exist.
ex: you cannot change the number of objects in the world, nothing new can be brought into existence.

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Eliminative Materialism

Back 18

idea that common sense mental states believed to be true (desire, love, etc) do not refer to anything real and neuroscience will eventually prove this to be true.

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Intrinsic/Extrinsic Properties

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intrinsic: a property within itself, independent of others.
ex: mass of an object
extrinsic: a property that is dependent upon something else.
ex: weight of an object, dependent on gravity

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Predicate/Property Contrast

Back 20

predicate: part of a sentence which describes information about a subject.
property: what the subject really possesses in the real world.

contrast: predicate is just in language and property is in the real world.