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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three types of lipids?
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TG (95%), phospholipids, sterols (plant sterols, cholesterol)
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How many carbons make up SCFA?
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4-8 C
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How many carbons make up MCFA?
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10-14 C
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How many carbons make up LCFA?
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16-20 C
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How many carbons are usually found in dairy products?
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6-10 C
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How many carbons are present in most dietary FA?
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16-18 C
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Cis TG
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H on the same side of double bond; U-like formation; most naturally occurring fatty acids
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Trans TG
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H on the oppose sides of double bond; more linear; partially hydrogenated;
PUFA+hi pressure+H2 -->saturation behave more like saturated FAs lower fluidity |
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What is the formula for a monounsaturated fatty acid?
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C(n)H(2n-2)O2
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polyunsaturated fatty acids
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will be oxidized with oxygen at their double bond sites; require anti-oxidants to maintain their structures
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myristic acid
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14:0
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palmitic acid
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16:0
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stearic acid
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18:0
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palmitoleic acid
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16:1 w-7
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oleic acid
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18:1 w-9
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linoleic acid
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18:2 w-6
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arachidonic acid
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20:4 w-6
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linolenic acid
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18:3 w-3
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eicosapentanoic acid (EPA)
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20:5 w-3
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docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
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22:6 w-3
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Plant oils are a good source of alpha lenolenic acid or linoleic acid?
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linoleic
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What plant oils contain a significant amount of alpha-linolenic acid?
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canola oil and soybean oil
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What is the best source of w-3 fatty acids?
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cold water fish
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What is caused by a deficiency of linoleic acid?
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reduced growth rate in children, dermatitis, reduced immune function, poor wound healing, and anemia....(mainly occurs in patients receiving TPN without lipids)
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What is caused by a deficiency of linoleic acid?
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(much rarer) ...neurological damage, including blurred vision
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EFAs are precursors to what?
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prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes
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Cholesterol is a precursor of?
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bile acids, steroid hormones, adrenal hormones (cortisol), vitamin D
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What is lecithin?
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phospholipid
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lingual lipase
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important largely for neonates in lipid digestion; acts on milkfats (preemulsified fats)
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How does the stomach contribute to lipid digestion?
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not much; churning creates a course lipid emulsion; fat slows the release of food from the stomach (satiation)
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What is the small intestine's role in lipid digestion?
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performs 90% of all lipid digestion; primarily performes hydrolysis and deesterification; also mixes bile salts to convert coarse emulsion into micelles
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Pancreatic lipase is inhibited by __________________, and enhanced by ______ and ________.
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bile salts; Calcium; Colipase
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Phospholipase A2
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lecithinase; acts at C1, 2 position of PL
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cholesterol esterase
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removes FA at low pH - lumen;
adds FA at higher pH - mucosa |
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What is the circulatory route for short chain fatty acids?
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portal vein to the liver fro processing
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What is the circulatory route for long chain fatty acids/
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TG assembly --> chylomicron formation --> lymph --> heart --> general circulation (peripheral tissues) --> liver
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What are the mediators for lipid digestion in the adipose and muscle?
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apolipoprotein CII + lipoprotein lipase
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What are teh mediators for lipid digestion in the liver?
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apolipoprotein E + apolipoprotein E receptor
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Hormone sensitive lipase
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releases FFA from adipocte into serum
Stimulation: epinephrine, glucagon Inhibition: insulin, prostaglandins |
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Lipoprotein lipase
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release FFA from CM at adipocyte and muscle surface;
for uptake and use as energy (muscle) or storage (adipocyte) Activation: lipoprotein CII, insulin |
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Phosphatidate phosphatase
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in all cells, synthesizes TAG from glycerol-P;
activation: steroid hormone |
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What is the only cofactor that can add CO2?
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biotin
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How is acetyl CoA carbosylase regulated?
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increased by citrate (substrate);
decreased by palmitoyl-CoA (end product) |
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Resins, colestipol, cholestyramine
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block resorption of bile acids; upregulate LDL Rc, HMG CoA reductase; lower plasma LDL levels
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Mevinolin (levostatin)
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inhibits HMG CoA reductase activity
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