Metabolism And Homeostasis

Front 1

surface area to volume

Back 1

- as a cell gets larger, its volume increases faster than its surface area
- SA is squared while volume is cubed
- SA increases at 2/3 the power of its volume

Front 2

metabolic rate

Back 2

- the overall rate of energy consumption by an individual
- often measured in terms of oxygen consumption
- mL of Oxygen/ hr

Front 3

mass specific metabolic rate

Back 3

rate of oxygen consumption per gram of tissue

Front 4

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Back 4

- the rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest, with an empty stomach, under normal temperature and moisture conditions
- small animals have much higher BMRs than large ones

Front 5

lamellae

Back 5

sheet-like structures on gills that aid in gas exchange

Front 6

villi

Back 6

narrow, tube-like projections in the digestive tract that increase SA for absorption

Front 7

homeostasis

Back 7

- the array of relatively stable chemical and physical conditions of an animal's cells, tissues, and organs
- maintained by conformation and regulation

Front 8

set point

Back 8

- normal or target value for a variable controlled for homeostasis
- when variable changes, regulatory systems are triggered

Front 9

sensor

Back 9

a structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment

Front 10

integrator

Back 10

evaluates the incoming sensor info and decides whether a response is necessary to maintain homeostasis

Front 11

effector

Back 11

structure that helps restore the desired internal condition

Front 12

negative feedback

Back 12

- when effectors reduce or oppose change in internal conditions
- homeostatic systems are based in negative feedback

Front 13

conduction

Back 13

- the direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other
- rate depends on SA transfer, steepness of temp difference between two bodies, and how well each conducts heat

Front 14

convection

Back 14

- type of conduction when heat is transferred between a solid and a liquid or gas
- ex. heat loss when wind blows on skin
- as speed of air increases, heat transfer increases

Front 15

radiation

Back 15

transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact

Front 16

evaporation

Back 16

phase change that occurs when liquid water becomes gas
- can only lead to heat loss

Front 17

thermoregulation

Back 17

control of body temperature

Front 18

endotherm

Back 18

- produces enough heat to warm its own tissues
- basal metabolic rates are extremely high
- have insulating structures like feathers or fur
- higher energy production
- heat generating tissues

Front 19

ectotherm

Back 19

- relies on heat gained from enviro

Front 20

homeotherms

Back 20

keep body temperatures constant

Front 21

heterotherms

Back 21

allow body temperature to rise or fall depending on environmental conditions

Front 22

torpor

Back 22

when organsims reduce their metabolic rate and allow their body temperatures to drop in order to survive cold temperatures

Front 23

hibernation

Back 23

torpor that lasts weeks or months

Front 24

adipose tissue

Back 24

connective tissue whose cells store fats

Front 25

brown adipose tissue

Back 25

specialized form of adipose tissue that has a high density of mitochondria as well as stored fats
- produces 10x as much heat as other tissue

Front 26

concurrent exchangers

Back 26

two adjacent fluids flow through adjacent pipes in opposite directions and conserve heat