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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metabolism |
The totality of an organism's chemical reactions |
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Metabolic pathway |
Begins with specific molecule, which then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product, each step of the pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme |
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Catabolic pathways |
Release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds |
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Anabolic pathways |
Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones |
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Energy |
Capacity to cause damage Ex. Light, sound, electricity |
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Kinetic energy |
Energy associated with the relative motion of objects |
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Thermal energy |
Kinetic energy associated with the random movement atoms or molecules |
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Heat |
Thermal energy transfered from one object to another |
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Potential energy |
Energy that matter possesses because its location or structure |
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Chemical energy |
Refers to the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction |
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Thermodynamics |
Study of energy transformations |
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First law of thermodynamics |
Energy is constant; energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be destroyed |
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Second law of thermodynamics |
Every energy transfer or transformed increases the entropy of the universe |
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Entropy |
Measure of disorder |
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Free energy |
Portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temp and pressure are unform throughout the system |
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Exergonic reaction |
Proceeds with a net release of free energy, spontaneous |
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Endergonic reaction |
One that absorbs free energy from its surroundings, non spontaneous |
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Endergonic reaction |
One that absorbs free energy from its surroundings, non spontaneous |
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Chemical work |
The pushing of endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously Ex. Synthesis of polymers from monomers |
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Transport work |
The pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement |
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Transport work |
The pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement |
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Mechanical work |
The contraction of muscles, and the movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction Ex. Beating of cilia |
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Energy coupling |
Use of exergonic process to drive an endergonic one, usually mediated by ATP |
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ATP |
Ribose (sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), 3 phosphate group; nucleotides |
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Phosphorylated intermediate |
The recipient molecule with the phosphate group covalently bonded to it (more reactive/stable) |
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Enzyme |
Macromolecule that acts as a catalyst |
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Catalyst |
Chemical agent that speeds a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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Activation energy |
Initial investment of energy for starting a reaction, energy required to contort the reactant molecules so that binds can break |
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Substrate |
The reactant an enzyme acts on |
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Enzyme-substrate complex |
A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s) |
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Active site |
A restricted region of the enzyme molecule actually binds to the substrate |
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Cofactors |
Nonprotein helpers of catalytic activity;may be bound tightly or loosely to the enzyme |
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Coenzyme |
When a cofactor is an organic molecule (usually vitamin) |
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Competitive inhibitors |
Reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active site |
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Noncompetitive inhibitors |
Impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme; do not directly compete with the substrate to bind to enzyme at active site |
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Allosteric regulation |
Term used to describe Amy case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule at a separate site |
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Cooperativity |
Amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates (allosteric regulation) |
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Feedback inhibition |
A metabolic pathway is halted by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway |
