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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what does metabolism refer to?

all the chemical reactions in the body

what two processes is metabolism split into?

anabolism and catabolism

what is anabolism?

build up of large molecules from smaller ones
what is catabolism?

break down of large molecules into smaller ones

what are the 3 main stages of aerobic respiration?


- glycolysis


- citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle)


- electron transport chain


what is required for aerobic respiration to occur?

oxygen

what is produced during aerobic respiration?


- CO2


- water


- 36 ATP

what is glycogenesis?
glucose storage
what happens to most glucose?

it is catabolised to make ATP

what happens to glucose if it is not needed?

It combines with many other molecules of glucose to form glycogen (polysaccharide)

then what happens to the glycogen?

it is stored mostly in skeletal muscle fibres and some in liver cells

what is this process called?

glycogenesis

what is glycogenolysis?

glucose release

how can glycogen be used if glucose is needed?


glucose can be formed from glycogen stored in liver hepatocytes and released into the blood stream

what is this process called?

glycogenolysis

what can't glycogen in skeletal muscles be used for?

cannot be released into bloodstream

what can it do?

can be catabolised for ATP production in the cells, and the lactic acid (from glycolysis and Kreb's cycle) can be converted to glucose in the liver

what is gluconeogenesis?

the synthesis of glucose from triglyceride (glycerol) and protein (amino acid) catabolism

when does this occur?


- normally when glycogen levels are low


- on a larger scale when people are starving, eating very few carbohydrates or have an endocrine disorder

what is the process called?

gluconeogenesis
where is gluconeogenesis performed and by what?

in the liver by hepatocytes

how much energy do lipids yield compared with carbohydrates?

more than twice as much energy

what do triglycerides stored in adipose tissue constitute?

98% of body's energy stores
what does adipose tissue have the advantage of?

providing insulation and physically protecting from trauma

what is continually happening to stored triglycerides?
continually being broken down, resynthesized and redeposited into other adipose tissue cells
however, why does the body prefer to use glucose for energy over lipids?

because fat is more difficult to catabolise than carbohydrates

what is lipid catabolism - lipolysis?

the breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

what happens to glycerol?

it is converted into pyruvic acid and enters the citric acid cycle to produce ATP

what happens to fatty acids?

they are converted into acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) in the liver, which then enters the citric acid cycle to form ATP

when are ketone bodies formed?

as part of fatty acid catabolism, some long chain fatty acids convert into ketone bodies

what kind of quantity are they usually produced in?

small quantities

when does overproduction of ketone bodies occur?


- starvation (few carbohydrates available for catabolism)


- uncontrolled diabetes (inadequate glucose can get into cells)


what happens to the body with excess ketone body production?


- lower blood pH


- cause metabolic acidosis (or ketosis/ketoacidosis)


what is a clinical sign of acidosis?

smell of acetone on breath or ketones present in urine (ketonuria)

why is lipogenesis?

lipid anabolism

what occurs during lipogenesis?

liver cells and adipose tissue synthesise lipids from glucose or amino acids

when does lipogenesis occur?

when more calories have been consumed than are needed

what happens to resulting triglycerides from lipogenesis?

stored or undergo further reactions to produce lipoproteins, phospholipids or cholesterol

why is regular protein intake important?

because amino acids can't be stored

why are excess amino acids used for?


- production of ATP


- synthesised to make new proteins


- converted into glucose (glyconeogenesis) and triglycerides (lipogenesis)


where is the main site of amino acid/protein metabolism?

the liver

what must be removed before ATP can be made from amino acids?

the NH2 group`
what is this process called and what does it produce?

deamination and produces ammonia (NH3)
what happens to highly toxic ammonia?

the liver converts it to urea to be excreted in urine

what is metabolic rate?

the overall rate at which metabolic reactions use energy

what is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

metabolic rate measured under resting/fasting conditions

what hormone increases BMR?

thyroxine

what does thyroxine do?

increases BMR by increasing aerobic respiration
how does exercise affect metabolic rate?

Increases it by as much as 15 times
what are some hormones that increase basal metabolic rate?


- thyroxine, insulin, growth hormone and testosterone.


- sympathetic ns release of adrenalin and noradrenalin