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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The sum of all chemical reactions that occur w/in a living organism.
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metabolism
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Synthesis of chemical compounds (combine simpler substances into more complex molecules) Requires energy (endergonic)
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anabolism
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Break down of complex compounds into simpler ones. Releases energy (Exergonic)
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catabolism
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Gives the enzyme its specificity
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active site
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nonprotein component
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cofactor
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organic cofactor
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coeenzyme
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primary, secondary, tertiary, and quatermary structures
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conformation is the result of
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weak interactions
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hydrogen bonding
ionic bonds hydrophobic interactions (nonpolor R groups) |
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endoenzymes/intracellular enzymes
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functions inside the cell
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1st. law of thermodynamics
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(energy is conserved) energy cannot be crated or destroyed, but can be transformed : change from one form to another
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oxidation and reduction
(redox reactions) |
electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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biological oxidations are often
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dehydrogenations
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substrate-level phosphorylation is the transfer of
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high-energy po4- to ADP
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anaerobic respiration
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final H acceptor is inorganic molecule other than oxygen.
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Glucose
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C H O
6 12 6 |
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GLUCOSE MUST BE BROKEN DOWN GRADUALLY TO
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capture the energy
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high enery electrons are removed from glucose
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electron acceptors pass these electrons down an energy gradient the energy is used to synthesis ATP
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carbohydrate catabolism
the breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy |
-glycolysis
-kerbs cycle -electron transport chain |
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lock and key fit
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enzymes only react w/ a specific substrate
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enzyme structure specificity is due to
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surface configuration/conformation (shape) of the protein
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some enzymes are protein only, others have a protein and a nonprotein portion
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a specialized protein that speeds up a reaction w/out being altered by the reaction
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a measure of the degree of disorder or randomness of a system
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entropy
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atoms that gain electrons are
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reduced
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energy released can be used to produce ATP by
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chemiosmosis
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ATP produced from complete oxidation of 1 glucose using aerobic respiration
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the electron transport chain: a series of carrier molecules that are in turn oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain
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metabolic reactions require
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enzymes
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enzymes are
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catalyst
(low amount of energy needed) |
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mechanism of enzyme action:
enzymes lower |
activation
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enzyme structure:
binds with the |
substrate to form an enzyme-substrate complex
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protein portion
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apoenzyme
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apoenzyme + cofactor=
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holoenzyme
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factors influencing enzyme activity
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temp. & pH
substrate conentration competitive inhibition noncompetitive inhibition feedback inhibition |
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enzymes can be denatured by
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temp. &pH
(alters structure and attraction) |
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acts as a substrate than plateus
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substrate conectration
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blocks enzymes by binding to active site
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competitive inibition
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not @active site but somewhere else
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noncometitive inhibition
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exoenzyme/extracellular enzyme function
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outside the cell
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energy
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the capacity to do work
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2 states of energy
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kinetic
potential |
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kinetic energy
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the energy of motion
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potential energy
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energy which is stored (inactive)
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in any change from one form to another entropy
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increases
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to maintain life a complex ordered system cells need
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a constant source of energy
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atoms that loses electrons are
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oxidized
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organisms concentrate (stored) energy in the high energy bonds of
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ATP
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