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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Based on an element's ability to either share or transfer electron.
For ionic: total # taken or given away completely Equas charge on ion. For covalent: arbitrarily designated |
Oxidation Numbers
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What is the oxidation number for:
Hydrogen, in the combined state? Oxygen, in the combined state? Hydrogen, in the free state? Oxygen in the free state? |
Hydrogen, in the combined state = +1
Oxygen, in the combined state = -2 Hydrogen, in the free state = 0 Oxygen, in the free state = 0 |
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What is the oxi.# for Zn:
ZnO |
+2
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What is the oxi.# for Mn?
KMnO4 |
+7
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What is true about oxidation-reduction?
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Can't have oxidation without reduction
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Defined as:
Gain of oxygen, Loss of hydrogen, loss of electrons, loss of energy |
Oxidation
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Defined as:
Loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen, gain of electrons, gain of energy |
Reduction
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Occurs simultaneously as one agent is oxidized (loses H2+e-), another agent is reduced (gains H2+e-).
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Oxidation-Reduction
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In the body, these reactions are exogonic.
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Oxidation-Reduction
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Agent which brings about oxidation of something else, so the agent itself is reduced.
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Oxidizing Agent
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Agent which brings about reduction of something else, so agent itself is oxidized.
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Reducing Agent
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Redox reactions are caltalyzed by ___?
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Enzymes
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Reactions where hydrogen atoms are removed use ___.
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The enzyme Dehydrogenase.
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Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of oxygen are called ___.
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Oxidases.
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Enzymes have two parts:
1) name the two parts 2) identify their characteristics |
1) Apoenzymes: the protein portion; has active site, specific for it's substrate; not changed during rx.
2) Coenzyme: non-protein helper; usually not synthesized by bod; many are vitamins needed for proper metabolism; act as oxidizing and reducing agents. |
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What are two examples of coenzymes used in cellular respiration?
What are their characteristics? |
1) NAD/NADH2: Oxidized form is NAD; reduced form is NADH2;can be used over and over by cells
2) FAD/FADH2: oxidized for is FAD; reduced form is FADH2; can be used over and over by cells |
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"Bank" for storing energy; energy is stored within high-energy bonds that attach to 2 of the 3 phosphate groups of this molecule.
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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True or False:
ATP is not phosphorolyzed directly |
True
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Holds lots of energy; will be converted into ATP in the Electron Transport Chain (System).
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NADH2
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What is the overall equation for cell respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy released (36 ATP)
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All chemical reactions necessary to maintain life. Sum total of all breakdown and building processes.
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Metabolism
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Food fuels are broken down within cells and some energy is captured to produce ATP.
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Cellular Respiration
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Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones; synthesis of ATP.
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Anabolic reactions
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Hydrolysis of complex structures into simpler ones; breakdown of glucose.
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Catabolic reactions
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ATP is never hydrolized directly; what happens instead?
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Enzymes shift the high-energy phosphate groups of ATP to other molecules. The phosphorylated molecules are then activated to perform cellular functions.
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Primes the molecule to change in a way that increases it's activity or produces motion/does work.
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Phosphorylation
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Energy-containing nutrients are processed in three major stages:
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-Digestion (breakdown of food; nutrients transported to tissues)
-Anabolism (nutrients built into lipids, proteins, and glucogen for storage products) or nutrients are broken down by catabolic pathways to pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA -Oxidative Breakdown (nutrients are catabolized to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP |
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What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
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-Glycolysis (occurs within the cytoplasm)
-Kreb's Cycle (occurs in mitochondria) -Electron Transport System (occurs in mitochondria |
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Stage of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen. (anaerobic)
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Glycolysis
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High-energy phosphate groups are transferred directly from phosphorylated substrates to ADP. ATP is synthesized via substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle.
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Substrate level of phosphorylation
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H+ is pumped out/pumped in through ATP synthase (used to make ATP)
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Chemiosmotic process
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The stage of cellular respiration that produces the most ATP.
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Electron transport system
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A three-phase pathway in which glucose is oxidized into pyruvic acid; NAD+ is reduced to NADH+H; ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation.
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Glycolysis
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Moves on to the Kreb's cycle in an aerobic pathway; is reduced to lactic acid in an anaerobic environment.
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Pyruvic acid
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What are the three phases of Glycolysis?
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Phase 1: Sugar activation
Phase 2: Sugar Cleavage Phase 3: Oxidation and ATP formation |
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Two ATP molecules activate glucose into fructose-1,6-diphosphate (isomerization and substrate level phosphorylation)
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Phase 1 of glycolysis, sugar activation.
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The final products per each glucose molecules in Glyfolysis are:
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*2 pyruvic acid molecules
*2 NADH+H molecules (reduced to NAD+) *A net gain of 2 ATP molecules (made 4, used 2) |
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Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is fueled by pyruvic acid and fatty acids; produces NADH2, which are later used in the electron transport chain to generate a lot of ATP.
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Kreb's Cycle: Preparatory Step.
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What happens in the Kreb's Cycle: Preparatory Step - Transition?
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Pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA in three main steps: decarboxylation, oxidation, and formation of Acetyl CoA (acetic acid combined with sulfur-containing coenzyme A)
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For each molecule of glucose entering glycolysis, two molecules of Acetyl CoA enter the Krebs Cycle. What are the final products from Kreb's Cycle?
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2 NAD reduced to NADH2 (transition)
6 NAD reduced to NADH2 in Krebs 2 FAD reduced to FADH2 in Krebs 2 direct ATP made in Krebs |
