Mental Retardation And Autism Spectrum Disorders

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Pervasive developmental disorders

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were first introduced into the DSM III

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Many refer to this diagnostic taxonomy as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) because both are depicted as disorders affecting a child's social, communicative, emotional, and cognitive development;

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however, the current DSM-IV-TR strictly refers to them as Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)

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PDDs are classified as a group of conditions where there is a

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delay in the development of communication and social skills.

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Under PDD, the DSM-IV-TR holds five subtypes:

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autism, Asperger's disorder, Rett's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), and PDD-NOS (not otherwise specified).

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High Prevalence of Pervasive Development Disorders

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PDD, in children and adolescents, are among the most common and disabling disorders

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Comorbidity and Depression

Studies have shown emerging evidence that PDD patients are most likely to also carry _______ with their disorder

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depression

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Deficits in understanding the mental state of others or “mind-reading”

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have been well documented in individuals with pervasive developmental disorders.

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Treatments

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Behavioral therapies are more common than medications due to the side effects of the drugs.

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Weighted vests are a specific form of Sensory Integration Therapy (SIT) (Honaker, 2005)

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that are intended to help individuals resolve sensory related issues thereby decreasing the symptoms (e.g., hyperness, lack of attention, etc.) of the sensory issue and are also often recommended as an intervention for problem behaviors exhibited by children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD).

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Adolescence with PDD often display inappropriate social behavior (inappropriate comments, social withdrawal, and touching others without their permission)

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during social interactions.

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An intervention using instructions, differential reinforcement, and corrective feedback

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has been shown to successfully reduced inappropriate social behaviors

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Most Pervasive Developmental disorders contain

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learning deficits.

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The Errorless Learning technique is a method of teaching

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focused on the reduction of incorrect answers.

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Response prevention

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is physically preventing the learner from responding to the distracters such as physically blocking responses to the distracters until the learner responds independently to the target.

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Superimposition with fading

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is superimposing physical prompts and using stimulus fading such as adding pictures to accompany sight words cards and then gradually reducing the size until the pictures are no longer visible

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Superimposition with shaping

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is superimposing physical prompts and using stimulus shaping such as teaching a child to respond to known pictures in the presence of unknown words and then changing the pictures gradually into the pictures of the unknown words.

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The Competent Learner Model

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was developed to address the needs of teachers, administrators, and paraprofessional staff to enhance delivery of instructional programs and services for children and youth with pervasive developmental disabilities.

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The main focus of the Competent Learner Model

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is to teach learners to become competent observers, listeners, talkers, problem solvers, participators, readers, and writers.

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The seven parts of the Competent Learner Model that are focused on developing are skills in

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observing, listening, reading, writing, problem solving, and participating.

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People with Autism are known for their weaknesses in

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abstract thinking, social cognition, and communication.

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Autistic Disorder

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Autism is the most commonly studied of a spectrum of developmental disorders that are believed to be neurobiologically based but which, at this point, for lack of good biomarkers, are defined purely by behavior.

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Autistic Disorder is referred to several different ways including

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early infantile autism, childhood autism, or Kanner's autism.

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Autism

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inability to relate socially
inability to convey meaning through language
insistence on sameness in daily routines.
He also asserted that this disorder was innate