Mental Health Exam One

Front 1

asylum

Back 1

a safe refuge or haven offering protection; in the US, became a term used to describe institutions for the mentally ill.

Front 2

case management

Back 2

management of care on a case-by-case basis, representing an effort to provide necessary services while containing cost; in the community, case management services include accessing medical and psychiatric services and providing assistance with tasks of daily living, such as financial management, transportation, and buying groceries.

Front 3

deinstitutionalization

Back 3

a deliberate shift in care of the mentally ill from institutional care in state hospitals to care in community-based facilities and through community-based services.

Front 4

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR)

Back 4

taxonomy published by the APA; the dsm-iv-tr describes all mental disorders and outlines specific diagnostic criteria for each based on clinical experience and research.

Front 5

managed care

Back 5

a concept designed to purposely control the balance between the quality of care provided and the cost of that care.

Front 6

managed care organizations

Back 6

developed to control the expenditure of insurance funds by requiring providers to seek approval before the delivery of care

Front 7

mental disorder

Back 7

a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and is associated with present distress (painful symptom) or disability (impairment in one or more important areas of functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom

Front 8

mental health

Back 8

a state of emotional, psychological, and social wellness evidenced by satisfying relationships, effective behavior and coping, positive self-concept, and emotional stability.

Front 9

phenomena of concern

Back 9

describe the 12 areas of concern that mental health nurses focus on when caring for clients.

Front 10

psychotropic drugs

Back 10

drugs that affect mod, behavior, and thinking that are used to treat mental illness

Front 11

self-awareness

Back 11

the process by which a person gains recognition of his or her own feelings, beliefs, and attitudes; the process of developing an understanding of one's own values, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, attitudes, motivations, prejudices, strengths, and limitations and how these qualities affect others

Front 12

standards of care

Back 12

authoritative statements by professional organizations that describe the responsibilites for which nurses are accountable; the care that nurses provide to clients meets set expectations and is what any nurse in a similar situation would do.

Front 13

utilization review firms

Back 13

developed to control the expenditure of insurance funds by requiring providers to seek approval before the delivery of care.

Front 14

akathisia

Back 14

intense need to move about; characterized by restless movement, pacing, inability to remain still, and the client's report of inner restlessness

Front 15

anticholinergic side effects

Back 15

dry mouth, constipation, urinary hesitancy or retention, dry nasal passages, and blurred near vision; commonly seen as side effects of medication

Front 16

antidepressant drugs

Back 16

primarily used in the treatment of major depressive illness, anxiety disorders, the depressed phase of bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression.

Front 17

antipsychotic drugs

Back 17

also known as neuroleptics; used to treat the symptoms of psychosis such as the delusions and hallucinations seen in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and the manic phase of bipolar disorder

Front 18

anxiolytic drugs

Back 18

used to treat anxiety and anxiety disorders, insomnia OCD, depression, PTSD, and alcohol withdrawal

Front 19

black box warning

Back 19

medication package inserts must have a highlighted box, separate from the text, that contains a warning about the life-threatening or otherwise serious side effect(s) of the medication

Front 20

computed tomography (CT)

Back 20

a diagnostic procedure in which a precise xray beam takes cross-sectional images (slices) layer by layer

Front 21

depot injection

Back 21

a slow-release, injectable form of antipsychotic medication for maintenance therapy

Front 22

dopamine

Back 22

a neurotransmitter located primarily in the brain stem; has been found to be involved in the control of complex movements, motivation, cognition, and regulation of emotional responses

Front 23

dystonia

Back 23

extrapyramidal side effect to antipsychotic medication; includes acute muscular rigidity and cramping, a stiff or thick tongue with difficulty swallowing, and, in severe cases, laryngospasm and respiratory difficulties; also called dystonic reactions

Front 24

efficacy

Back 24

refers to the maximal therapeutic effect a drug can achieve

Front 25

epinephrine

Back 25

derivative of norepinephrine, the most prevalent neurotransmitter in the nervous system, located primarily in the brain stem, and plays a role in changes in attention, learning and memory, sleep and wakefulness, and mood regulation

Front 26

extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)

Back 26

reversible movement disorders induced by antipsychotic or neuroleptic medication

Front 27

half-life

Back 27

the time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated from the bloodstream

Front 28

kindling process

Back 28

the snowball-like effect seen when minor seizure activity seems to build up into more frequent and severe seizures.

Front 29

limbic system

Back 29

an area of the brain located above the brain stem that includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

Front 30

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 30

diagnostic test used to visualize soft tissue structures; energy field is created with a magnet and radio waves, and then converted into a visual image

Front 31

mood-stabilizing drugs

Back 31

used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing the client's mood, preventing or minimizing the highs and lows that characterize bipolar illness, and treating acute episodes of mania

Front 32

neuroleptic malignant syndrom (NMS)

Back 32

a potentially fatal, idiosyncratic reaction to an antipsychotic (or neuroleptic) drug

Front 33

neurotransmitter

Back 33

the chemical substances manufactured in the neuron that aid in the transmission of information throughout the body

Front 34

norepinephrine

Back 34

the most prevalent neurotransmitter in the nervous system

Front 35

off-label use

Back 35

a drug will prove effective for a disease that differs from the one involved in original testing and FDA approval

Front 36

positron emission tomography (pet)

Back 36

a diagnostic test used to examine the function of the brain by monitoring the flow of radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream

Front 37

potency

Back 37

describes the amount of a drug needed to achieve maximum effect

Front 38

pseudoparkinsonism

Back 38

a type of extrapyramidal side effect of antipsychotic medication; drug-induced parkinsonism; includes shuffling gait, masklike facies, muscle stiffness (continuous) or cogwheeling rigidity (rachet-like movements of joints), drooling, and akinesia (slowness and difficulty initiating movement)

Front 39

psychoimmunology

Back 39

examines the effect of psychosocial stressors on the body's immune system

Front 40

psychopharmacology

Back 40

the use of medications to treat mental illness

Front 41

psychotropic drugs

Back 41

drugs that affect mood, behavior, and thinking that are used to treat mental illness

Front 42

rebound

Back 42

a temporary return of symptoms; may be more intense than original symptoms

Front 43

serotonin

Back 43

a neurotransmitter found only in the brain

Front 44

serotonin syndrome

Back 44

uncommon but potentially life-threatening disorder called serotonin or serotonergic syndrome; characterized by agitation, sweating, fever, tachycardia, hypotension, rigidity, hyperreflexia, confusion, and, in extreme cases, coma and death; most commmonly results from a combination of two or more medications with serotonin-enhancing properties, such as taking MAOI and SSRI antidepressants at the same time or too close together

Front 45

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Back 45

a diagnostic test used to examine the function of the brain by following the flow of an injected radioactive substance

Front 46

stimulant drugs

Back 46

drugs that stimulate or excite the central nervous system

Front 47

tardive dyskinesia (TD)

Back 47

a late-onset, irreversible neurologic side effect of antipsychotic medications; characterized by abnormal, involuntary movements such as lip smacking, tongue protrusion, chewing, blinking, grimacing, and choreiform movements of the limbs and feet

Front 48

withdrawal

Back 48

new symptoms resulting from discontinuation of drug or substance

Front 49

alternative medicine

Back 49

includes therapies used in place of conventional treatment

Front 50

behavior modification

Back 50

a method of attempting to strengthen a desired behavior or response by reinforcement, either positive or negative

Front 51

behaviorism

Back 51

a school of psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and what one can do externally to bring about behavior changes. it does not attempt to explain how the mind works

Front 52

client-centered therapy

Back 52

focused on the role of the client, rather than the therapist, as the key to the healing process

Front 53

closed groups

Back 53

structured to keep the same members in the group for a specified number of sessions

Front 54

cognitive therapy

Back 54

focuses on immediate thought processing: how a person perceives or interprets his or her experience and determines how he or she feels and behaves

Front 55

complementary medicine

Back 55

includes therapies used with conventional medicine practices

Front 56

countertransference

Back 56

occurs when thet therapist displaces onto the client attitudes or feelings from his or her past; process that can occur when the nurse responds to the client based on personal, unconscious needs and conflicts

Front 57

crisis

Back 57

a turning point in an individual's life that produces an overwhelming emotional response; individual is confronting life circumstance or stressor that cannot be managed through customary coping strategies

Front 58

crisis intervention

Back 58

includes a variety of techniques, based on the assessment of the individual in crisis, to assist in resolution or management of the stressor or circumstance

Front 59

dream analysis

Back 59

a primary method used in psychoanalysis; involves discussing a client's dreams to discover their true meaning and significance

Front 60

education group

Back 60

a therapeutic group; provides information to members ona specific issue: for instance, stress management, medication management, or assertiveness training

Front 61

ego

Back 61

in psychoanalytic theory, the balancing or mediating force between the id and the superego; represents mature and adaptive behavior that allows a person to function successfully in the world

Front 62

ego defense mechanisms

Back 62

methods of attempting to protect the self and cope with basic drives or emotionally painful thoughts, feelings, or events.

Front 63

family therapy

Back 63

a form of group therapy in which the client and his or her family members participate to deal with mutual issues

Front 64

free association

Back 64

a method in psychoanalysis used to gain access to subconscious thoughts and feelings in which the therapist tries to uncover the client's true thoughts and feelings by saying a word and asking the client to respond quickly with the first thing that comes to mind

Front 65

group therapy

Back 65

therapy during wich clients participate in sessions with others; the members share a common purpose and are expected to contribute to the group to benefit others and to receive benefit from others in return

Front 66

hierarchy of needs

Back 66

a pyramid used to arrange and illustrate the basic drives or needs that motivate people; developed by abraham maslow

Front 67

humanism

Back 67

focuses on a person's positive qualities, his or her capacity to change (human potential), and the promotion of self esteem

Front 68

id

Back 68

in psychoanalytic theory, the part of one's nature that reflects basic or innate desires such as pleasure-seeking behavior, aggression, and sexual impulses; the id seeks instant gratification; causes impulsive, unthinking ehavior; and has no regard for rules or social convention

Front 69

individual psychotherapy

Back 69

a method of bringing about change in a person by exploring his or her feelings, attitudes, thinking and behavior; it involves a one-to-one relationship between the therapist and the client

Front 70

integrative medicine

Back 70

combines conventional medicinal therapy and CAM therapies that have scientific evidence supporting their safety ad effectiveness

Front 71

milieu therapy

Back 71

the concept involves clients' interactions with one another, that is, practicing interpersonal relationship skills, giving one another feedback about behavior, and working cooperatively as a group to solve day-to-day problems

Front 72

negative reinforcement

Back 72

involves removing a stimulus immediately after a behavior occurs so that the behavior is more likely to occur again

Front 73

open groups

Back 73

an ongoing group that runs indefinitely; members join or leave the group as they need to

Front 74

operant conditioning

Back 74

the theory that says people learn their behavior from their history or past experiences, particularly those experiences that were repeatedly reinforced

Front 75

parataxic mode

Back 75

begins in early childhood as the child begins to connect experiences in sequence; the child may not make logical sense of the experiences and may see them as coincidence or chance events; the child seeks to relieve anxiety by repeating familiar experiences, although he or she may not understand what he or she is doing

Front 76

participant observer

Back 76

the therapist's role, meaning that the therapist both participates in and observes the progress of the relationship

Front 77

positive reinforcement

Back 77

a reward immediately following a behavior to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Front 78

prototaxic mode

Back 78

characteristic of infancy and childhood that involves brief, unconnected experiences that have no relationship to one another; adults with schizophrenia exhibit persistent prototaxic experiences

Front 79

psychiatric rehabilitation

Back 79

services designed to promote the recovery process for clients with mental illness; not limited to medication management and symptom control; includes personal growth reintegration into the community, increased independence, and improved quality of life

Front 80

psychoanalysis

Back 80

focuses on discovering the causes of the client's unconscious and repressed thoughts, feelings, and conflicts believed to cause anxiety and helping the client to gain insight into and resolve these conflicts and anxieties; pioneered by Sigmund Freud; not commonly seen today

Front 81

psychosocial interventions

Back 81

nursing activities that enhance the client's social and psychological functioning and improve social skills, interpersonal relationships, and communication

Front 82

psychotherapy group

Back 82

the goal of the group is for members to learn about their behaviors and to make positive changes in their behaviors by interacting and communicating with others as members of a group

Front 83

self-actualization

Back 83

person who has achieved all the needs according to Maslow's hierarchy and has developed his or her fullest potential in life

Front 84

self-help group

Back 84

members share a common experience, but the group is not a formal or structured therapy group

Front 85

subconscious

Back 85

thoughts or feelings in the preconscious or unconscious level of awareness

Front 86

superego

Back 86

in psychoanalytic theory, the part of a person's nature that reflects moral and ethical concepts, values, and parental and social expectations; therefore, it is in direct opposition to the id

Front 87

support groups

Back 87

organized to help members who share a common problem to cope with it

Front 88

syntaxic mode

Back 88

begins to appear in school-aged children and becomes more predominant in preadolescence; the person begins to perceive himself or herself and the world within the context of the environment and can analyze experiences in a variety of settings

Front 89

systematic desensitization

Back 89

behavioral technique used to help overcome irrational fears and anxiety associated with a phobia

Front 90

therapeutic community or miliue

Back 90

beneficial environment; interaction among clients is seen as beneficial, and treatment emphasizes the role of this client-to-client interaction

Front 91

therapeutic nurse-patient relationship

Back 91

professional, planned relationship between client and nurse that focuses on client needs, feelings, problems, and ideas; interaction designed to promote client growth, discuss issues, and resolve problems; includes the three phases of orientation: working (identification and exploitation) and termination (resolution)

Front 92

transference

Back 92

occurs when the client displaces onto the therapist attitudes and feelings that the client originally experienced in other relationships; it is common for the client unconsciously to transfer to the nurse feelings he or she has for significant others

Front 93

access to community care and effective services and support (ACCESS) demonstration project

Back 93

initiated to assess whether or not more integrated systems of service delivery enhance the quality of life of homeless people with serious mental disabilities

Front 94

assertive community treatment (ACT)

Back 94

community-based programs that provide many of the services that are necessary for successful community living; includes case management, problem-solving, social skills training, support, teaching on a a 24/7 basis

Front 95

case management

Back 95

management of care on a case-by-case basis, representing an effort to provide necessary services while containing cost; in the community, case management services include accessing medical and psychiatric services and providing assistance with tasks of daily living such as financial management, transportation, and buying groceries

Front 96

clubhouse model

Back 96

community-based rehabilition; an "intentional community" based on the belief that men and women with serious and persistent psychiatric disability can and will achieve normal life goals when given the opportunity, time, support, and fellowship

Front 97

criminalization of mental illness

Back 97

refers to the practice of arresting and prosecuting mentally ill offenders, even for misdemeanors, at a rate four times that of the general population in an effort to contain them in some type of institution where they might receive needed treatment

Front 98

day treatment

Back 98

treatment programs in which clients attend during the day and return home or to the community at night

Front 99

evolving consumer household (ECH)

Back 99

a group-living situation in which the residents make the transition from a traditional group home to a residence where they fulfill their own responsibilities and function without on-site supervision from paid staff

Front 100

interdisciplinary (multidisciplinary) team

Back 100

treatment group composed of individuals from a variety of fields or disciplines; the most useful approach in dealing with the multifaceted problems of clients with mental illness

Front 101

partial hospitalization programs (PHPs)

Back 101

structured treatment at an agency or a facility for clients living in the community; designed to help clients make a gradual transition from being an inpatient to living independently or to avoid hospital admission

Front 102

residential treatment settings

Back 102

long-term treatment provided in a living situation; vary according to structure, level of supervision, and services provided

Front 103

acceptance

Back 103

avoiding judgments of the person, no matter what the behavior

Front 104

advocacy

Back 104

the process of acting in the client's behalf when he or she cannot do so

Front 105

attitudes

Back 105

general feelings or a frame of reference around which a person organizes knowledge about the world

Front 106

beliefs

Back 106

ideas that one holds to be true

Front 107

confidentiality

Back 107

respecting the client's right to keep private any information about his or her mental and physical health and related care

Front 108

congruence

Back 108

occurs when words and actions match

Front 109

countertransference

Back 109

occurs when the therapist displaces onto the client attitudes or feelings from his or her past; process that can occur when the nurse responds to the client based on personal, unconscious needs and conflicts

Front 110

duty to warn

Back 110

the exception to the client's right to confidentiality; when health-care providers are legally obligated to warn another person who is the target of the threats or plan by the client, even if the threats were discussed during therapy sessions otherwise protected by confidentiality

Front 111

empathy

Back 111

the ability to perceive the meanings and feelings of another person and to communicate that understanding to that person

Front 112

exploitation

Back 112

phase of nurse-client relationship, identified by Peplau, when the nurse guides the client to examine feelings and responses and to develop better coping skills and a more positive self-image; this encourages behavior change and develops independence; part of the working phase

Front 113

genuine interest

Back 113

truly paying attention to the client, caring about what he or she is saying; only possible when the nurse is comfortable with himself or herself and aware of his or her strengths and limitations

Front 114

intimate relationship

Back 114

a relationship involving two people who are emotionally committed to each other; both parties are concerned about having their individual needs met and helping each other to meet needs as well; the relationship may include sexual or emotional intimacy as well as sharing of mutual goals

Front 115

orientation phase

Back 115

the beginning of the nurse-cleint relationship; begins when the nurse and client meet and ends when the client begins to identify problems to examine

Front 116

patterns of knowing

Back 116

the four patterns of knowing in nursing are: empirical knowing (derived from the science of nursing), personal knowing (derived from life experiences), ethical knowing (derived from moral knowledge of nursing), and aesthetic knowing (derived from the art of nursing); provide the nurse with a clear method of observing and understanding every client interaction

Front 117

positive regard

Back 117

unconditional, nonjudgmental attitude that implies respect for the person

Front 118

preconceptions

Back 118

the way one person expects another to behave or speak; often a roadblock to the formation of an authentic relationship

Front 119

problem identification

Back 119

part of the working phase of the nurse-client situation, when the client identifies the issues or concerns causing problems

Front 120

self-awareness

Back 120

the process by which a person gains recognition of his or her own feelings, beliefs, and attitudes; the process of developing an understanding of one's own values, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, attitudes, motivations, prejudices, strengths, and limitations and how these qualities affect others

Front 121

self-disclosure

Back 121

revealing personal information such as biographical information and personal experiences, ideas, thoughts, and feelings about oneself

Front 122

social relationship

Back 122

primarily initiated for the purpose of friendship, socialization, companionship, or accomplishment of a task

Front 123

termination or resolution phase

Back 123

the final stage in the nurse-client relationship; it begins when the client's problems are resolved and concludes when the relationship ends

Front 124

therapeutic relationship

Back 124

professional, planned relationship between client and nurse that focuses on client needs, feelings, problems, and ideas; interaction designed to promote client growth, discuss issues, and resolve problems; includes the three phases of orientation: working (identification and exploitation) and termination (resolution)

Front 125

therapeutic use of self

Back 125

nurses use themselves as a therapeutic tool to establish the therapeutic relationship with clients and to help clients grow, change, and heal

Front 126

transference

Back 126

occurs when the client displaces onto the therapist attitudes and feelings that the client originally experienced in other relationships; it is common for the client unconsciously to transfer to the nurse feelings he or she has for significant others

Front 127

unknowing

Back 127

when the nurse admits she does not know the client or the client's subjective world, this opens the way for a truly authentic encounter; the nurse in a state of unknowing is open to seeing and hearing the client's views without imposing any of his or her values or viewpoints

Front 128

values

Back 128

abstract standards that give a person a sense of right and wrong and establish a code of conduct for living

Front 129

working phase

Back 129

in the therapeutic relationship, the phase where issues are addressed, problems identified, and solutions explored; nurse and client work to accomplish goals; contains Peplau's phases of problem identification and exploitation

Front 130

abstract messages

Back 130

unclear patterns of words that often contain figures of speech that are difficult to interpret

Front 131

active listening

Back 131

concentrating exclusively on what the client says, refraining from other internal mental activities

Front 132

active observation

Back 132

watching the speaker's nonverbal actions as he or she communicates

Front 133

assertive communication

Back 133

the ability to express positive and negative ideas and feelings in an open, honest, and direct way.

Front 134

body language

Back 134

a nonverbal form of communication: gestures, postures, movements, and body positions

Front 135

circumstantiality

Back 135

the use of extraneous words and long, tedious descriptions

Front 136

closed body positions

Back 136

nonverbal behavior such as crossed legs and arms folded over chest that indication the listener may be failing to listen, defensive, or not accepting

Front 137

communication

Back 137

the process that people use to exchange information

Front 138

concrete messages

Back 138

words that are as clear as possible when speaking to the client so that the client can understand the message; concrete messages are important for accurate information exchange

Front 139

congruent message

Back 139

when communication content and processes agree

Front 140

content

Back 140

verbal communication; the literal words that person speaks

Front 141

context

Back 141

the environment in which an event occurs; includes the time and the physical, social, emotional and cultural environments

Front 142

cues (overt and covert)

Back 142

verbal or nonverbal messages that signal key words or issues for the client

Front 143

directive role

Back 143

asking direct, yes/no questions and using problem-solving to help the client develop new coping mechanisms to deal with present, here-and-now issues

Front 144

distance zones

Back 144

amount of physical space between people during communication; in the US, Canada and Eastern European nations, four distance zones are generally observed: intimate zone, personal zone, social zone, and public zone

Front 145

eye contact

Back 145

looking into the other person's eyes during communication

Front 146

incongruent message

Back 146

when the communication content and process disagree

Front 147

intimate zone

Back 147

space of 0 to 18 inches between people; the amount of space comfortable for parents with young children, people who mutually desire personl contact, or people whispering; invasion of this intimate zone by anyone else is threatening and produces anxiety

Front 148

nondirective role

Back 148

using broad openings and open-ended questions to collect information and help the client to identify and discuss the topic of concern

Front 149

nonverbal communication

Back 149

the behavior that accompanies verbal content, such as body language, eye contact, facial expression, tone of voice, speed and hesitations in speech, grunts and groans, and distance from the listener

Front 150

personal zone

Back 150

space of 18 to 36 inches; a comfortable distance between family and friends who are talking

Front 151

process

Back 151

in communication, denotes all nonverbal messages that the speaker uses to give meaning and context to the message

Front 152

proxemics

Back 152

the study of distance zones between people during communication

Front 153

public zone

Back 153

space of 12 to 15 feet; the acceptable distance between a speaker and an audience, between small groups, and among others at informal functions

Front 154

social zone

Back 154

a space of 4 to 12 feet, which is the distance acceptable for communication in social, work, and business settings

Front 155

spirituality

Back 155

a client's beliefs about life, health, illness, death, and one's relationship to the universe; involves the essence of a person's being and his or her beliefs about the meaning of life and the purpose for living

Front 156

therapeutic communication

Back 156

an interpersonal interaction between the nurse and the client during which the nurse focuses on the client's specific needs to promote an effective exchange of information

Front 157

verbal communication

Back 157

the words a person uses to speak to one or more listeners

Front 158

culturally competent

Back 158

being sensitive to issues related to culture, race, gender, sexual orientation, social class, economic situation, and other factors

Front 159

culture

Back 159

all the socially learned behaviors, values, beliefs, and customs, transmitted down to each generation, as well as a population's ways of thinking that guide its members' views of themselves and the world

Front 160

environmental control

Back 160

refers to a client's ability to control the surroundings or direct factors in the environment

Front 161

ethnicity

Back 161

concept of people identifying with one another based on a shared heritage

Front 162

hardiness

Back 162

the ability to resist illness when under stress

Front 163

race

Back 163

a division of humankind possessing traits that are transmitted by descent and sufficient to identify it as a distinct human type

Front 164

resilience

Back 164

defined as having healthy responses to stressful circumstances or risky situations

Front 165

resourcefulness

Back 165

involves using problem-solving abilities and believing that one can cope with adverse or novel situations

Front 166

self-efficacy

Back 166

a belief that personal abilities and efforts affect the events in our lives

Front 167

sense of belonging

Back 167

the feeling of connectedness with or involvement in a social system or environment of which a person feels an integral part

Front 168

social networks

Back 168

groups of people whom one knows and with whom one feels connected

Front 169

social organization

Back 169

refers to family structure and organization, religious values and beliefs, ethnicity, and culture, all of which affect a person's role and, therefore, his or her health and illness behavior

Front 170

social support

Back 170

emotional sustenance that comes from friends, family members, and even health-care providers who help a person when a problem arises

Front 171

socioeconomic status

Back 171

refers to one's income, education, and occupation

Front 172

spirituality

Back 172

a client's beliefs about life, health, illness, death, and one's relationship to the universe; involves the essence of a person's being and his or her beliefs about the meaning of life and the purpose for living

Front 173

time orientation

Back 173

whether or not one views time as precise or approximate; differs among cultures

Front 174

abstract thinking

Back 174

ability to make associations or interpretations about a situation or comment

Front 175

affect

Back 175

the outward expression of the client's emotional state

Front 176

automatisms

Back 176

repeated, seemingly purposeless behaviors often indicative of anxiety, such as drumming fingers, twisting locks of hair, or tapping the foot; unconscious mannerism

Front 177

blunted affect

Back 177

showing little or a slow-to respond facial expression; few observable facial expressions

Front 178

broad affect

Back 178

displaying a full range of emotional expressions

Front 179

circumstantial thinking

Back 179

term used when a client eventually answers a question but only after giving excessive, unnecessary detail

Front 180

concrete thinking

Back 180

when the client continually gives literal translations; abstraction is diminished or absent

Front 181

delusion

Back 181

a fixed, false belief not based in reality

Front 182

flat affect

Back 182

showing no facial expression

Front 183

flight of ideas

Back 183

excessive amount and rate of speech composed of fragmented or unrelated ideas; racing, often unconnected, thoughts

Front 184

hallucinations

Back 184

false sensory perceptions or perceptual experiences that do not really exist

Front 185

ideas of reference

Back 185

client's inaccurate interpretation that general events are personally directed to him or her, such as hearing a speech on the news and believing the message has personal meaning

Front 186

inappropriate affect

Back 186

displaying a facial expression that is incongruent with mood or situation; often silly or giddy regardless of circumstances

Front 187

insight

Back 187

the ability to understand the true nature of one's situation and accept some personal responsibility for that situation

Front 188

judgment

Back 188

refers to the ability to interpret one's environment and situation correctly and to adapt one's behavior and decisions accordingly

Front 189

labile

Back 189

rapidly changing or fluctuating, such as someone's mood or emotions

Front 190

loose associations

Back 190

disorganized thinking that jumps from one idea to another with little or no evident relation between the thoughts

Front 191

mood

Back 191

refers to the client's pervasive and enduring emotional state

Front 192

neologisms

Back 192

invented words that have meaning only for the client

Front 193

psychomotor retardation

Back 193

overall slowed movements; a general slowing of all movements; slow cognitive processing and slow verbal interaction

Front 194

restricted affect

Back 194

displaying one type of emotional expression, usually serious or somber

Front 195

assault

Back 195

involves any action that causes a person to fear being touched, without consent or authority, in a way that is offensive, insulting, or physically injurious

Front 196

autonomy

Back 196

the person's right to self-determinition and independence

Front 197

battery

Back 197

involves harmful or unwarranted contact with a client; actual harm or injury may or may not have occured

Front 198

beneficence

Back 198

refers to one's duty to benefit or to promote good for others

Front 199

breach of duty

Back 199

the nurse (or physician) failed to conform to the standards of care, thereby breaching or failing the existing duty; the nurse did not act as a reasonable, prudent nurse would have acted in similar circumstances

Front 200

causation

Back 200

action that constitutes a breach of duty and was the direct cause of the loss, damage, or injury; in other words, the loss, damage or injury would not have occurred if the nurse had acted in a reasonable, prudent manner

Front 201

deontology

Back 201

a theory that says ethical decisions should be based on whether or not an action is morally right with no regard for the result or consequences

Front 202

duty

Back 202

existence of a legally recognized relationship, that is, physician to client, nurse to client

Front 203

ethical dilemma

Back 203

a situation in which ethical principles conflict or when there is no one clear course of action in a given situation

Front 204

ethics

Back 204

a branch of philosophy that deals with values of human conduct related to the rightness or wrongness of actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions

Front 205

false imprisonment

Back 205

the unjustifiable detention of a client, such as the inappropriate use of restraint or seclusion

Front 206

fidelity

Back 206

refers to the obligation to honor commitments and contracts

Front 207

injury or damage

Back 207

the client suffered some type of loss, damage, or injury

Front 208

justice

Back 208

refers to fairness, or treating all people fairly and equally without regard for social or economic status, race, sex, marital status, religion, ethnicity or cultural beliefs

Front 209

least restrictive environment

Back 209

treatment appropriate to meet the client's needs with only necessary or required restrictions

Front 210

malpractice

Back 210

a type of negligence that refers specifically to professionals such as nurses and physicians

Front 211

mandatory outpatient treatment

Back 211

is the requirement that clients continue to participate in treatment on an involuntary basis after their release from the hospital into the community. this may involve taking prescribed meds, keeping appointments with healthcare providers for follow-up, and attending specific treatment programs or groups

Front 212

negligence

Back 212

an unintentional tort that involves causing harm by failing to do what a reasonable and prudent person would do in similar circumstances

Front 213

nonmaleficence

Back 213

the requirement to do no harm to others either intentionally or unintentionally

Front 214

restraint

Back 214

the direct application of physical force to a person, without his or her permission, to restrict his or her freedom of movement

Front 215

seclusion

Back 215

the involuntary confinement of a person in a specially constructed, locked room equipped with a security window or camera for direct visual monitoring

Front 216

standards of care

Back 216

authoritative statements by professional organizations that describe the responsibilities for which nurses are accountable; the care that nurses provide to clients meets set expectations and is what any nurse in a similar situation would do

Front 217

tort

Back 217

a wrongful act that results in injury, loss, or damage

Front 218

utilitarianism

Back 218

a theory that bases ethical decisions on the "greatest good for the greatest number"; primary consideration is on the outcome of the decision

Front 219

veracity

Back 219

the duty to be honest or truthful