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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Altruism
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Emotional conflicts and stressors re death with by meeting the needs of others
The person receives gratification either vicariously or from the response of others. |
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Altruism
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Ex: Six months after losing her husband in a car accident, Jeanette began to spend one day a week doing grief counseling with families who had lost a loved one. She found that she was effective in helping others in their grief, and she obtained a great deal of satisfaction and pleasure from helping others work through their pain.
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Sublimation
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An unconscious process of substituting constructive and socially acceptable activity for strong impulses that are not acceptable in their original form
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Sublimation
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Ex: A man with strong hostile feelings may choose to become a butcher, or he may be involved in rough contact sports.
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Sublimation
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Ex: A person who is unable to experience sexual activity may channel this energy into something creative, such as painting or gardening.
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Humor
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An individual may deal with emotional conflicts or stressors by emphasizing the amusing or ironic aspects of the conflict or stressor.
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Humor
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Ex: A man goes to an interview that means a great deal to him. He is being interviewed by the top executives of the company. He has recently had foot surgery and, on entering the interview room, he stumbles and loses his balance. There is a stunned silence, and then the man states calmly, "I was hoping I could put my best foot forward." With everyone laughing, the interview continues in a relaxed manner.
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Suppression
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The conscious denial of a disturbing situation or feeling.
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Suppression
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Ex: A student who has been studying for the state board examination says, "I can't worry about paying my rent until after my exam tomorrow."
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Healthy Defenses
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Altruism
Sublimation Humor Suppression |
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Repression
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The exclusion of unpleasant or unwanted experiences, emotions, or ideas from conscious awareness.
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Repression
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Ex: Forgetting the name of a former boyfriend or girlfriend
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Repression
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Ex: Forgetting an appointment to discuss poor grades
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Displacement
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Transfer of emotions associated with a particular person, object, or situation to another person, object or situation that is nonthreatening.
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Displacement
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Ex: The boss yells at the man, the man yells at his wife, the wife yells at the child, and the child kicks the cat.
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Reaction Formation (Overcompensation)
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Unacceptable feelings or behaviors are kept out of awareness by developing opposite behavior or emotion
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Reaction Formation (Overcompensation)
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Ex: A person who harbors hostility toward children becomes a boy scout leader.
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Somatization
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Transforming anxiety on an unconscious level into a physical symptom that has no organic cause.
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Somatization
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Ex: A professor develops laryngitis on the day he is scheduled to defend a research proposal to a group of peers
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Somatization
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Ex: A woman who does not want to go out with her boss's brother calls to say "her back went out," and she cannot make the date (and, in fact, her back is sore).
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Undoing
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Makes up for an act or communication
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Undoing
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Ex: Giving a gift after an argument
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Rationalization
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Ex: Justifying illegal or unreasonable ideas, actions, or feelings by developing acceptable explanations that satisfy the teller as well as the listener.
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Rationalization
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Ex: "If I had Lynn's brains, I'd get good grades, too"
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Rationalization
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Ex: "Everybody cheats, so why shouldn't I?"
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Intermediate Defenses
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Repression
Displacement Reaction Formation Somatization Undoing Rationalization |
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Passive Aggression
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Deals with emotional conflict or stressors by indirectly and unassertively expressing aggression toward others. On the surface, there is an appearance of compliance that makes covert resistance, resentment, and hostility.
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Passive Aggression
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Typically exhibited through procrastination, failure, inefficiency, passivity, and illnesses that affect others more than oneself.
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Passive Aggression
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Ex: Sam promises his boss that he is working on the presentation for important patients, even though he constantly "forgets" to bring in samples of the presentation. The day of the presentation, Sam call sin sick with the flu.
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Acting-Out Behaviors
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An individual deals with emotional conflicts or stressors by actions rather than reflections or feelings
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Acting-Out Behaviors
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Ex: A person may lash out in anger verbally or physically to distract the self from threatening thoughts or feelings.
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Acting-Out Behaviors
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Ex: When Harry was turned down a third time for a promotion, he went to his office and tore apart every pt file in his file cabinet. His initial feelings of worthlessness and lowered self-esteem r/t the situation were interpreted by Harry to mean "I am no good." This thinking resulted in Harry's quickly transforming these painful feelings into actions of anger and destruction. Temporarily, Harry felt more powerful and less vulnerable.
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Dissociation
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A disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment.
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Dissociation
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Ex: A young mother who saw her sun run over by a car was taken to a neighbor's house while the police dealt with the accident. Later she told the policeman, "I really don't remember what happened." At that movement, to protect herself from an unbearable situation, she split off the threatening event from awareness until she could begin to deal with her feelings of devastation.
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Devaluation
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Occurs when emotional conflicts or stressors are dealt with by attributing negative qualities to self or others
In this way, the individual minimizes the other's accomplishments and keeps their own fragile self-esteem intact. |
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Devaluation
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Ex: A woman who is very jealous of a co-workers says, "Oh, yes, she won the award. Those awards don't mean anything anyway, and I wonder what she had to do to be chosen."
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Idealization
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Emotional conflicts or stressors are dealt with by attributing exaggerated positive qualities to others
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Idealization
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Ex: Mary met the most "wonderful and perfect" man. No one could tell Mary that Jim was nice but had some quirks, like everyone else. Mary wouldn't listen. When Jim failed to live up to Mary's expectations of giving her constant attention, adoration, and gifts, Mary was devastated. Shortly thereafter, she started saying that Jim was, like all men, a brute, and that she wanted no more to do with such an insensitive person.
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Splitting
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The inability to integrate the positive and negative qualities of oneself or others into a cohesive image.
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Splitting
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Ex: Alice viewed her therapist as the most wonderful, loving, and insightful therapist she had ever had. When her therapist refused to write her a prescription for Valium, Alice shouted at her that she was the "stupidest, most uncaring, and thickheaded person," and she demanded another therapist "right away."
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Projection
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A person unconsciously rejects emotionally unacceptable personal features and attributes them to other people, objects, or situations.
Blaming/Scapegoating |
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Projection
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Ex: In a family in which there are problems, the child is scapegoated and the pain and anxiety within the family are blamed on the child. "The problem is Tommy."
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Projection
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The weakest members are scapegoated
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Denial
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Involves escaping unpleasant realities by ignoring their existence
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Denial
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Ex: A man believes that physical limitations reflect negatively on one's manhood. Thus he denies chest pains, even though heart attacks run in his family, because of a threat to his self-image as a man.
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Denial
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Ex: A woman whose health has deteriorated because of alcohol abuse denies she has a problem with alcohol by saying she can stop drinking whenever she wants.
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Immature Defenses
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Passive Aggression
Acting-Out Behavior Dissociation Devaluation Idealization Splitting Projection Denial |
