Mendelian Genetics

Front 1

Gregor Mendel

Back 1

-Raised on a farm and understood the value of plant breeding
-At 21, entered priesthood and studied plant breeding in a monastery in Czech Republic
-Loved to read, especially about natural sciences and was aware of Darwin's findings
-Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants

Front 2

Mendel's studies

Back 2

-Studied traits that occur in distinct forms
-developed true breeding varieties (when bred amongst themselves, the pea plants produced offspring identical to the parent for that trait)
-used mathematical analysis in his studies

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Plant height

Back 3

Tall (6-7 feet) or Dwarf (9-18 inches)

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Flower color

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Purple or White

Front 5

Flower position

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at leaf junctions (axial) or at tips of branches (terminal)

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Pod color

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green or yellow

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Pod shape

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inflated or constricted

Front 8

Seed color

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yellow or green

Front 9

Seed shape

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Round or wrinkled

Front 10

Haploid gametes in plants

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Sperm cells found in pollen, egg cells found in ovule in carpel (which consists of the stigma and the ovary with ovules), which matures into the pea pod after fertilization

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How do the pea plants fertilize?

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Through pollination of stigma (because the ovules are internal... probably)

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Fertilization

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-fusion of egg and sperm cells
-self-fertilized: fusion of sperm and egg from same plant
-cross fertilization: fusion of egg and sperm from two different plants (which produced HYBRIDS)

Front 13

Mendel's cross fertilization technique

Back 13

He took pollen from the anthers (where the pollen comes from) of a plant exhibiting one form of a trait.

Then he brushed the pollen onto the stigma of a plant showing a different form of the trait. The anthers of the second plant were first removed to prevent self-pollination

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Mendelian genetics apply to:

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sexually reproducing diploid organisms

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Two alleles of a gene (genotype) are responsible for:

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one trait (phenotype)

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Homozygous:

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Identity of the two alleles (if they're the same)

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Heterozygous:

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two alleles are different and may cause different phenotype

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Dominant allele

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The allele that is expressed and produces the phenotype

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Recessive allele

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not expressed in the presence of the dominant allele

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Generation F1

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Produced by a purebred round seed plant and a purebred wrinkled seed plant. The result was a plant that had all round seeds. It was left to self-pollinate and its offspring had 75% round seeds and 25% wrinkled (which became generation F2).

This is phenotypically uniform.

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Rule of Segregation

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Only one allele is passed on from each parent. They are distributed randomly.

In the F2 generation, alleles of the F1 parents are distributed in statistically stable ratios.

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Rule of Independent Assortment

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Inheritance of two genes occurs independently, if they sit on different chromosomes.