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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An Augustinian monk that worked with garden peas and studied their characteristics; formulated 2 basic laws of genetics governing nature of inheritance.
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Gregor Mendel.
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Feature, e.g. flower color.
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Character.
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Variant of a character, e.g. purple, white...
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Trait.
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Each cell has how many genes per character?
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Two.
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How many genes for a character in a homologous PAIR?
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One gene for each chromosome.
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In a homologous pair, how many genes come from mom and how many genes come from dad?
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One gene comes from each parent.
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Different genes for the same character.
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Alleles.
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Alleles are also called ______.
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Variants.
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Purple and white are the 2 ______ for flower color in peas.
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Alleles.
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Mendel found that alternative genes are responsible for variations in ______.
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Inherited characters.
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Alleles that always show themselves.
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Dominant Alleles.
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Alleles that show themselves if they are found in pairs.
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Recessive Alleles.
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Dominant Alleles over Recessive Alleles.
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Principle of Dominance.
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Dominant genes are shown as a _________ letter.
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Capital.
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Recessive genes are shown as a _________ letter.
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Small.
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How many genotypes are possible?
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Three.
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Genotype PP is known as...
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Homozygous Dominant; e.g. Pure purple.
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Genotype Pp is known as...
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Heterozygous aka Hybrid.
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Genotype pp is known as...
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Homozygous Recessive; e.g. Pure white.
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What is the physical appearance that results from this pair of genes called?
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Phenotype.
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What do PP and Pp have in common so they produce purple flowers?
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Dominant alleles.
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pp has what kind of alleles so it produces white flowers?
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Two Recessive alleles.
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Two alleles for a character segregate randomly into gametes. Each gamete contains ONE allele.
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Mendel's 1st Law of Segregation.
Example: Pp -> P or p |
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Are gametes Haploid or Diploid?
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Gametes are Haploid.
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The P Generation is followed by the __________.
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F1 generation.
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If the P generation is TT x tt, what will be the F1 generation?
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Tt.
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Two alleles: T = tall and t = short.
if parents are TT x tt, what is the F1 generation's PHENOTYPE? |
F1 generation will be tall.
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What is the grid called where Mendel finds out an offspring?
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Punnet Square.
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What does P generation stand for?
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Parent Generation.
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What does F1 stand for?
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1st Filial Generation (sons & daughters of parents)
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What does F2 stand for?
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2nd Filial Generation (cross brother & sister to produce grandchildren)
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TT is an example of a(n) _____.
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Genotype.
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T is an example of a(n) ______.
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Allele.
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Tall is an example of a(n) ______.
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Phenotype.
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Example: T = Tall, t = Short
What is the probablity that a given offspring will be tall if Punnet Square reads: TT, Tt, Tt and tt? |
75% as 3 out of four are tall.
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Example: T = Tall, t = Short
What is the RATIO of the phenotypes if the Punnet Square reads: TT, Tt, Tt and tt? |
3:1.
TT = Tall, Tt = Tall, tt = Short |
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Example: T = Tall, t = Short
What is the RATIO of the following genotypes: TT, Tt, and tt? |
1:2:1.
TT = 1, Tt = 2 and tt = 1 Punnet Square reads TT, Tt, Tt and tt after test crossing. |
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How can one find out the unknown genotype?
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By performing a Test Cross.
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A _____ crosses an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive.
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Test Cross.
Example: T_ x tt |
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These study the two characteristics of heighth and eye color.
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Dihybrid Crosses.
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How many sets of alleles for the following:
Height: T = Tall; t = short Eye Color: B = Brown; b = Blue |
Two different sets of alleles.
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Each pair of alleles segregate into gametes independent of the other pair.
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Mendel's 2nd Law: Law of Independent Assortment.
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Genes on the same chromosome.
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Linked Genes.
Example: Red hair & Freckles |
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How many different Gametes?
AaBBCcDDEeff |
8 Combinations.
Aa BB Cc DD Ee ff 2x 1x 2x 1x 2x 1 = 8 |
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Blending or Partial Dominance.
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Incomplete Dominance.
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Flower color in snapdragons:
R = Red r = White |
Incomplete Dominance.
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The ABO blood groups are an example of _______.
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Multiple Alleles.
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Name the alleles in the ABO blood group.
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A = codominant
B = codominant O = recessive |
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What has replaced ABO blood grouping in paternity tests?
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DNA Fingerprinting.
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Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. How many pairs are autosomes? How many pairs are sex chromosomes?
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22 pairs are autosomes; 1 pair is sex chromosome.
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What are the two sex chromosomes?
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X and Y.
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What is sex chromosome 'X' purpose?
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Required for life (existence).
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What is sex chromosome 'Y' purpose?
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Determines sex.
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Which parent determines the child's sex?
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The Father.
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In somatic (body) cells of females, one of the two 'X' chromosomes is inactivated, coiling up in the corner of nucleus. What is this cell called?
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A Barr Body.
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During Meiosis, a gamete can wind up with more than one pair of chromosomes or none.
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Nondisjunction (abnormal segregation).
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Abnormal segregation of chromosomes.
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Nondisjunction.
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The abnormal # of chromosomes meiosis produces.
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Aneuploidy.
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Monosomy and Trisomy.
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Types of Aneuploidy
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One chromosome instead of a pair.
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Monosomy.
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Three chromosomes instead of a pair.
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Trisomy.
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Genotype = XO; No Barr Body; Live female; 1/5000 births, sterile and short; most normal IQ
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Turner Sydrome.
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Genotype = XXY; Live Male; 1/2000 births; Testes small/breasts enlarged; sterile; normal IQ
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Klinefelter Syndrome.
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Genotype = YO
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Non-living; no X.
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Genotype = XXX; 1/1000 births; tall, high IQ
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Super Female.
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Three Chromosome 21; 1/700; severly alters phenotype; short; heart defects; facial features; mental retardation
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Down Syndrome; Trisomy 21.
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Sex-linked disorders are carried on by which sex chromosome?
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The 'X' chromosome.
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Examples would be Hemophilia and Color blindess.
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Sex-linked (recessive allele) disorders.
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XcXc + XcY
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Color Blindness.
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XcXc + XcXc; XcY
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Color Vision.
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Sex-Influenced disorders are carried on which type of chromosomes?
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Autosomes.
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Examples are Peptic Ulcer and Male Pattern Baldness.
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Sex-Influenced Disorders.
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One allele having more than one effect (two phenotypes).
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Pleiotropy.
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Examples are Cross-Eyed White Tigers and Sickle Cell.
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Pleiotropy.
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Gene at one locus alters phenotype expressed by gene at another locus.
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Epistasis.
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Example would be the black/brown coat of a mice.
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Epistasis.
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More than one gene affects phenotype.
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Polygenic Traits.
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Example would be skin color in humans.
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Polygenic Traits.
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Photo of chromosomes arranged in order from largest to smallest.
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Karyotype.
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The photos can detect # of chromosomes; missing pieces; moved pieces and sex of baby
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Karyotypes.
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Where do you get cells to do a karyotype?
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From white blood cells; Cells from baby from amniocentisis and chorionic villus sample (CVS)
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Add colchicine to stop Metaphase; removes some baby cells in amnio fluid
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Amniocentisis.
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Getting a sample of the placental tissue and testing it.
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Chorionic Villus Sampling.
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Amniocentisis tests cells during which phase?
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Metaphase.
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Type of test that helps detect: Carrier recognition, amniocentisis, chorionic villus sampling; newborn screening
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Fetal Testing.
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Huntington's Disease: Dominant or Recessive Disorder?
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Dominant Disorder.
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Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs: Dominant or Recessive Disorder?
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Recessive Disorders.
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Duchene's Muscular Dystrophy; Hemophelia; Fragile X Syndrome; Color Blindness.
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Sex-linked Disorders.
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Heart disease, diabetes, cancer.
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Multi-factorial Disorders.
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Recessive genetic disease that causes mental retardation; can be controlled by diet.
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Phenylketonuria.
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How do doctor's detect Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
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Poking a "heel stick" at birth.
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Deletion, Inversion and Translocation
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Chromosomial Mutations.
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Chromosomial Mutation where whole or part of a chromosome is deleted.
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Deletion.
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Chromosomial Mutation where piece of a chromosome breaks off or reattached wrong.
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Inversion.
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Chromosomial Mutation where piece of a chromosome breaks off and moves to another chromosome.
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Translocation.
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