Memory/social Psychology

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flashbulb memory

Back 1

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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2 types of encoding

Back 2

automatic and effortful

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3 types of effortful encoding

Back 3

1 - Meaning
2 - Contextual meaning
3 - Connections to previously stored info

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chunking

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organize info into meaningful/useful units

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hierarchies

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dividing concepts into categories (flowchart)

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Ebbinghaus

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used nonsensical syllables; forgetting curve is initially rapid, then levels off w/ time

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spacing effect

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don't cram...spread out your studying

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serial position effect

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recalling first and last items on a long list

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sensory memory

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shortest memory; immediate, initial recording of sensory info

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2 types of sensory memory

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iconic - visual stimuli, exact representation of scene
echoic - auditory stimuli

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short term memory

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limited duration, "magic number" of 7 +/- 2

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long term memory

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VIRTUALLY LIMITLESS memory; do not have to discard old info to remember new

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Karl Lashley

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memory is not stored in one place (lesioning brain of rats)

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long term potentiation (LTP)

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increase in synapses' firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation (like a warm-up)

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how to increase LTP

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make more connections, and stronger connections (using peg words, images)

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retrograde amnesia

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can't remember anything before incident (retro think old)

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anterograde amnesia

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can't form new memories following incident

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explicit memory

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things you can explain, episodic = experiences, semantic = facts

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implicit memory

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retention w/o conscious recollection (it's like riding a bike!)

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recall

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ability to retrieve info NOT in conscious awareness (fill in the blank)

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recognition

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ability to identify items (multiple choice, word bank)

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priming

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activation of previous associations in memory (hints, clues)

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mood congruent memory

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tendency to recall experiences consistent with one's current mood

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state dependent memory

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what is learned in one state (high, drunk) is more readily remembered in the same state

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proactive interference

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prior learning disrupts recall of NEW info

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retroactive interference

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new learning disrupts recall of OLD info

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motivated forgetting

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unknowingly revising history

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repression

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defense mechanism to banish anxiety-arousing thoughts/feelings

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positive transfer

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when old info facilitates learning of new info (latin helps us learn spanish)

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misinformation effect

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incorporating misleading info into one's memory of an event

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source amnesia

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attributing an event to the wrong source (oh I read it somwhere...)

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false memory syndrome

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a person's identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience

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fundamental attribution error

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tendency of observers to underestimate influence of situation, overestimate person's disposition

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self-serving bias

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success is due to internal factors (it's our triumph) failure is due to external (it's THEIR fault)

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cognitive dissonance

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psychological discomfort created by inconsistency btw a person's attitudes and actions (hypocrite)

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"foot in the door" phenomenon
(freedman & fraser)

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people who have already agreed to a small request are more likely to agree to a larger one

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social facilitation

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stronger performance when in the presence of others

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social loafing

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slacking off when in a group

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deindividuation

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abandon normal restraint when in presence of others (think KKK)

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Asch's conformity experiment

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lines of different length, conclusion = a person will doubt his/her judgment if it doesn't match everyone else's

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reciprocity principle

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people are obligated to return favors

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door in the face technique

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make very large request, followed by concession (think infomercials BUT THAT'S NOT ALL)

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group think

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mode of thinking when desire for harmony in group overrides discussion of realistic alternatives

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group polarization

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enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes thru discussion w/i group (talk about what u agree about)

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just-world phenomenon

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YA GET WHAT COMES TO YA

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in-group bias

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tendency to favor one's own group

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scapegoat theory

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prejudice provides an outlet for anger because it gives us someone to blame (jews in WWII)

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roots of prejudice (3)

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1) schemas
2) categorization
3) availability heuristics

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availability heuristic

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tendency to make a prediction based on how easily one can think of an example

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bystander effect

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tendency for any bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are present

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frustration-aggression principle

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blocking of a goal leads to anger leads to violence

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mere exposure effect

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repeated exposure to stimuli (such as people) increases liking of that stimuli

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equity theory

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people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give

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passionate love

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an aroused state of pleasure at the beginning of a relationship

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companionate love

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deep affectionate attachment, usually after long-term relationship