• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/89

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

89 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Word Length Effect (WLE)
when short words are remembered better than long words
Rehearsal Rate
how quickly you can rehearse a set of items you have to remember
Rehearsal
repetition of a series of items to remember
Sensory Memory (SM)
component that takes impression from environment; such as auditory or visual impressions
Short-Term Memory (STM)
component that holds information conscious of right now; conscious thoughts
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
component that holds all information learned over a lifetime; verbal or nonverbal
Theories
a set of statements designed to describe, explain, and predict something; usually based on previous research
Phonological loop theory of WLE ("the loop")
component of working memory model that rehearses words stored in memory; short & long words at different rates/speeds
Short Words
rehearsed relatively quickly; therefore short words are less likely to fade and be forgotten
Long Words
rehearsed relatively slower; therefore long words are more likely to fade and be forgotten
WLE study purpose
examined word-length to see if memory differed for short & long words
hypothesis tested
prediction about the expected outcome of a study; usually based on prior research
a good hypothesis
describes the IVs and DVs in a study and should be precise
DV
aspect of memory being measured
WLE study hypothesis
the number of words recalled should be higher in the short word condition than in the long word condition
WLE study theory
focuses on rehearsal rate differences for short & long words; short words = rehearsed quickly & remembered better; long words = rehearsed slowly & remembered worse
T-test
used to compare means in different groups; ONLY 2 means to see if they're different from each other; difference & directional conditions
ANOVA
used to compare means in different groups; 2 or more means to see if they're different from each other; difference but no direction
Post-Hoc
used to determine where difference is (AKA = direction)
Correlation
used to examine the relationship between 2 variables
T-test or ANOVA used...
describe IVs and DVs
Correlation used...
describe variables correlated
Between Subjects Design
different subjects are assigned to each group/condition for ALL IVs
Within Subjects Design
all subjects are exposed to all conditions for all IVs
Mixed Design
involve elements of Between & Within Designs; a hybrid design
WLE Study Design
within subjects design since each student participated in both levels (short & long words)
True Experiment
a study designed to examine whether an IV causes a change in a DV; causality
True Experiment requirements
manipulation & random assignment
recipe for True Experiment
identify all IVs; determine whether manipulation & random assignment apply to all IVs;
universal findings
findings obtained in the study would apply to people in different cultures who live in different countries
Memory
the cognitive system involved with storing and retrieving information
Cognitive System
any system dealing with any aspect of thought
Storing Information
process of getting info into memory by rehearsing that info
Retrieving Information
involves process of accessing the info already stored in memory
Forgetting
the inability to store & retrieve information in memory
Storage Failures
occur when info fades in memory & is forgotten because it's not sufficiently rehearsed
Retrieval Failures
occur when info in memory cannot be accessed because insufficient cues are not available
Cues
stimuli that are designed to help you remember something
Metaphors
use a familiar concept to describe an unfamiliar concept
Wax Tablet (1)
one of the earliest/oldest metaphors that was proposed by Aerostotle
Wax Tablet (2)
describes memory as a "wax tablet" on which experience writes & leaves impressions
John Lock's "Blank Slate" Metaphor
describes the mind as a "blank slate" on which experience writes & leaves impressions
Computer Metaphor
describes memory as a computer with hardware and software
computer hardware
keyboard, monitor, disk drive, etc.
computer software
programs that run on a computer such as Word, PP, etc.
Memory Hardware
brain structures that are related to memory, such as, hippocampus
hippocampus
located in the core of the brain; strongly related to the ability to form new memories
hippocampus damage
difficulty remembering names & new information; EX. alzheimer's patients & chronic alcoholics
Memory Software
strategies used to process information in memory
Rehearsal
involves repeating info in memory
Organization
the ability to group a series of items into meaningful units; EX. grocery list
Elaboration
the ability to link familiar info with unfamiliar info
STM Capacity Metaphors
how much info can be held in STM at once
Fixed Capacity (car trunk)
describes STM as having a fixed upper limit that cannot be exceeded
Assumption of Fixed Capacity (car trunk)
the fixed capacity of STM is assumed to be 7 +/- 2 (or 5-9) items that cannot be categorized or grouped into meaningful units
Efficiency Assumption
assumes STM capacity depends on the efficiency with which info in STM can be processed
Typical Measure of Efficiency
rehearsal rate
fast rehearsal rates assumed to imply...
high levels of efficiency
slow rehearsal rates assumed to imply...
low levels of efficiency
Case's Efficiency Model Purpose
to explain the growth in STM capacity that is observed during childhood (6-18 yrs); typical test= digit span test
developmental model
attempt to explain change in something over time
Case's Efficiency Model
Total STM Capacity = SS + OS
Storage Space (SS)
capacity available for storing items in STM
Operating Space (OS)
capacity needed to rehearse items in STM
OS assumption
amount of OS needed to rehearse items in STM decreases during childhood as kids become more efficient at rehearsing information
SS assumption
amount of SS available to store info in STM increases during childhood, due to the faster rehearsal
result in better memory
more items being held in STM; faster rehearsal --> more efficient rehearsal --> better memory
as kids get older...
need less OS to rehearse and therefore have more SS to store items
Cow's Digestive System
describes memory as a cow's digestive system that slowly digests information that involves multiple components or chambers
External Validity
measures the degree to which the results of the study can be generalized to new contexts and people
Internal Validity
measures the degree to which a study is free from confounds
Confounds
uncontrolled variables in a study that the experimenter is not interested in, but that can effect the outcome of the study
Field Research
involves any research conducted in a relatively uncontrolled environment
Uncontrolled Environment ("field")
often involves natural environments where people try to remember things/something in everyday life
Field Research is assumed to be high in...
EXTERNAL validity because it's often conducted in natural environments where people try to remember something in everyday life
Field Research is assumed to be low in...
INTERNAL validity because it's conducted in an uncontrolled environment/"field"
Distributed Practice Effect
participants re asked to remember something and are put into either "distributed" or "mask" conditions
Distributed condition
people have to study the target info over several short intervals with rest periods in between; show high levels of memory
Mask condition
people have to study the target info over 1 long continuous interval with no rest periods; show low levels of memory
Lab Research
any study/research conducted in a relatively controlled environment
Controlled environment "lab"
often a distraction-free room
Lab Research is assumed to be high in...
INTERNAL validity because it's conducted in a controlled environment that minimizes confounds
Lab Research is assumed to be low in...
EXTERNAL validity because it's often not conducted in a natural environment where people try to remember things in everyday life
Are lab studies always low in external validity?
not always; EX. distributed practice effect
Capacity
measures how much info can be held by a component of memory at one point in time
Duration
measures how long info can be held by a component of memory before that info fades & is forgotten
Conscious Analysis
measures whether info being held in memory can be consciously analyzed/reflected upon/thought about
Sensory Memory
component of memory that takes in sensory impressions from the environment; assumed to be able to hold these impressions for only a brief period of time
Sensory Memory capacity
the capacity of sensory memory is assumed to be larger/able to hold more info than STM