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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Word Length Effect (WLE)
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when short words are remembered better than long words
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Rehearsal Rate
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how quickly you can rehearse a set of items you have to remember
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Rehearsal
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repetition of a series of items to remember
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Sensory Memory (SM)
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component that takes impression from environment; such as auditory or visual impressions
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Short-Term Memory (STM)
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component that holds information conscious of right now; conscious thoughts
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Long-Term Memory (LTM)
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component that holds all information learned over a lifetime; verbal or nonverbal
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Theories
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a set of statements designed to describe, explain, and predict something; usually based on previous research
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Phonological loop theory of WLE ("the loop")
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component of working memory model that rehearses words stored in memory; short & long words at different rates/speeds
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Short Words
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rehearsed relatively quickly; therefore short words are less likely to fade and be forgotten
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Long Words
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rehearsed relatively slower; therefore long words are more likely to fade and be forgotten
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WLE study purpose
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examined word-length to see if memory differed for short & long words
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hypothesis tested
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prediction about the expected outcome of a study; usually based on prior research
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a good hypothesis
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describes the IVs and DVs in a study and should be precise
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DV
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aspect of memory being measured
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WLE study hypothesis
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the number of words recalled should be higher in the short word condition than in the long word condition
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WLE study theory
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focuses on rehearsal rate differences for short & long words; short words = rehearsed quickly & remembered better; long words = rehearsed slowly & remembered worse
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T-test
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used to compare means in different groups; ONLY 2 means to see if they're different from each other; difference & directional conditions
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ANOVA
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used to compare means in different groups; 2 or more means to see if they're different from each other; difference but no direction
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Post-Hoc
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used to determine where difference is (AKA = direction)
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Correlation
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used to examine the relationship between 2 variables
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T-test or ANOVA used...
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describe IVs and DVs
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Correlation used...
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describe variables correlated
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Between Subjects Design
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different subjects are assigned to each group/condition for ALL IVs
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Within Subjects Design
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all subjects are exposed to all conditions for all IVs
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Mixed Design
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involve elements of Between & Within Designs; a hybrid design
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WLE Study Design
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within subjects design since each student participated in both levels (short & long words)
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True Experiment
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a study designed to examine whether an IV causes a change in a DV; causality
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True Experiment requirements
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manipulation & random assignment
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recipe for True Experiment
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identify all IVs; determine whether manipulation & random assignment apply to all IVs;
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universal findings
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findings obtained in the study would apply to people in different cultures who live in different countries
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Memory
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the cognitive system involved with storing and retrieving information
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Cognitive System
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any system dealing with any aspect of thought
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Storing Information
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process of getting info into memory by rehearsing that info
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Retrieving Information
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involves process of accessing the info already stored in memory
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Forgetting
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the inability to store & retrieve information in memory
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Storage Failures
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occur when info fades in memory & is forgotten because it's not sufficiently rehearsed
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Retrieval Failures
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occur when info in memory cannot be accessed because insufficient cues are not available
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Cues
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stimuli that are designed to help you remember something
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Metaphors
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use a familiar concept to describe an unfamiliar concept
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Wax Tablet (1)
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one of the earliest/oldest metaphors that was proposed by Aerostotle
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Wax Tablet (2)
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describes memory as a "wax tablet" on which experience writes & leaves impressions
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John Lock's "Blank Slate" Metaphor
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describes the mind as a "blank slate" on which experience writes & leaves impressions
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Computer Metaphor
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describes memory as a computer with hardware and software
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computer hardware
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keyboard, monitor, disk drive, etc.
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computer software
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programs that run on a computer such as Word, PP, etc.
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Memory Hardware
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brain structures that are related to memory, such as, hippocampus
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hippocampus
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located in the core of the brain; strongly related to the ability to form new memories
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hippocampus damage
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difficulty remembering names & new information; EX. alzheimer's patients & chronic alcoholics
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Memory Software
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strategies used to process information in memory
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Rehearsal
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involves repeating info in memory
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Organization
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the ability to group a series of items into meaningful units; EX. grocery list
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Elaboration
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the ability to link familiar info with unfamiliar info
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STM Capacity Metaphors
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how much info can be held in STM at once
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Fixed Capacity (car trunk)
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describes STM as having a fixed upper limit that cannot be exceeded
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Assumption of Fixed Capacity (car trunk)
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the fixed capacity of STM is assumed to be 7 +/- 2 (or 5-9) items that cannot be categorized or grouped into meaningful units
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Efficiency Assumption
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assumes STM capacity depends on the efficiency with which info in STM can be processed
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Typical Measure of Efficiency
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rehearsal rate
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fast rehearsal rates assumed to imply...
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high levels of efficiency
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slow rehearsal rates assumed to imply...
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low levels of efficiency
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Case's Efficiency Model Purpose
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to explain the growth in STM capacity that is observed during childhood (6-18 yrs); typical test= digit span test
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developmental model
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attempt to explain change in something over time
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Case's Efficiency Model
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Total STM Capacity = SS + OS
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Storage Space (SS)
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capacity available for storing items in STM
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Operating Space (OS)
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capacity needed to rehearse items in STM
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OS assumption
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amount of OS needed to rehearse items in STM decreases during childhood as kids become more efficient at rehearsing information
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SS assumption
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amount of SS available to store info in STM increases during childhood, due to the faster rehearsal
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result in better memory
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more items being held in STM; faster rehearsal --> more efficient rehearsal --> better memory
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as kids get older...
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need less OS to rehearse and therefore have more SS to store items
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Cow's Digestive System
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describes memory as a cow's digestive system that slowly digests information that involves multiple components or chambers
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External Validity
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measures the degree to which the results of the study can be generalized to new contexts and people
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Internal Validity
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measures the degree to which a study is free from confounds
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Confounds
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uncontrolled variables in a study that the experimenter is not interested in, but that can effect the outcome of the study
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Field Research
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involves any research conducted in a relatively uncontrolled environment
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Uncontrolled Environment ("field")
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often involves natural environments where people try to remember things/something in everyday life
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Field Research is assumed to be high in...
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EXTERNAL validity because it's often conducted in natural environments where people try to remember something in everyday life
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Field Research is assumed to be low in...
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INTERNAL validity because it's conducted in an uncontrolled environment/"field"
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Distributed Practice Effect
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participants re asked to remember something and are put into either "distributed" or "mask" conditions
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Distributed condition
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people have to study the target info over several short intervals with rest periods in between; show high levels of memory
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Mask condition
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people have to study the target info over 1 long continuous interval with no rest periods; show low levels of memory
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Lab Research
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any study/research conducted in a relatively controlled environment
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Controlled environment "lab"
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often a distraction-free room
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Lab Research is assumed to be high in...
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INTERNAL validity because it's conducted in a controlled environment that minimizes confounds
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Lab Research is assumed to be low in...
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EXTERNAL validity because it's often not conducted in a natural environment where people try to remember things in everyday life
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Are lab studies always low in external validity?
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not always; EX. distributed practice effect
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Capacity
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measures how much info can be held by a component of memory at one point in time
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Duration
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measures how long info can be held by a component of memory before that info fades & is forgotten
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Conscious Analysis
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measures whether info being held in memory can be consciously analyzed/reflected upon/thought about
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Sensory Memory
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component of memory that takes in sensory impressions from the environment; assumed to be able to hold these impressions for only a brief period of time
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Sensory Memory capacity
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the capacity of sensory memory is assumed to be larger/able to hold more info than STM
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