Memory- Memory Models And Types Of Ltm

Front 1

Explain the multistore model

Back 1

The sensory register detects a stimulus from the enviroment. it's duration is usually brief, about half a second. It has a high capacity and it's coding depends on the sense on.

Attention needs to be paid to it to transfer it into the memory systems, it firstly goes to the STM which has the duration of about 20 seconds and the capacity of 5-9 items.

coding is accoustic.

Maintenance rehearsal in the STM occurs with repetition. If we rehearse long enough the item gets passed to the LTM which is a permanent memory store.

The memory has to be transferred back to STM for retrieval.

Front 2

Who created the multi-store model and when?

Draw a diagram of it.

Back 2

Atkinson and Shifrin (1968)

Front 3

Who thought there were different types of LTM and why?

Back 3

Tulving (1985) realised the MSM had taken too much inflexable views on LTM

Front 4

What did Tulving split the different memory stores into?

Back 4

Episodic-LTM store for personal events. Time-stamped and take conscious effort to retrieve memories

Semantic- LTM store for facts and knowledge f the world not time-stamped but takes conscious effort to recall

Procedural- LTM store which stores skills. we can recall without effort or awareness but would struggle to explain this skill to someone else e.g. riding a bike. Not generally time-stamped

Front 5

How does Case study evidence support the view there are different types of LTM?

Back 5

Clinical studies of amnesia patients (Clive wearing and HM showed both had difficulty recalling events that happened to them in the past. e.g.HM couldn't recall stroking a dog half an hour earlier but could still remember the concept of dog.

Suggests there must be different stores because if 1 store is affected it's not all affected.

Front 6

How do brain scans support different types of LTM?

Back 6

1994 Tulving et al. PPTs performed tasks while being PET scanned. Episodic and semantic tasks showed higher activity on pre-frontal cortex. episodic tasks showed recall on right and semantic on the left. this suggests there is a physical difference between the 2 stores.

Front 7

How is there problems with clinical evidence for supporting different types of LTM?

Back 7

lack of control in differnet variables with clinical studies e,g it's difficult to generalise findings from these studies to determine the nature of LTM.

Front 8

How does Cohen and Squire's research put limitations on Tulving's idea's?

Back 8

Cohen an Squire (1980) argued episodic and semantic were stored together in 1 store (declarative memory, memories that have to be consciously recalled) and procedural (non-declarative,memories that don't have to be consciously recalled) it's important we get the distinction right because how we define them influences the way studies are conducted.

Front 9

Who proposed the working memory model?

What are the main components

What is the model of?

Back 9

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

Central Executive,phonological loop,phonological store, Articulary process,Visuospatial sketchpad, inner scribe,visual cache, episodic buffer

How STM is organised and it's functions

Front 10

What does the central executive do?

Back 10

monitors incoming data and allocates slave systems to tasks. limited storage capacity.

Front 11

What does the phonological loop do and how does it work?

Back 11

deals with auditory info and preserves the order it arrives.

phonological store:stores what's heard

articulary process: allows maintenance rehearsal

Front 12

What does the Visuo-spatial sketchpad do?

Back 12

Stores visual and/or spatial info when required

Logie (1995) subdivided these into visual cache (stores visual data) and inner scribe (record arrangement of objects in visual field)

Front 13

What is the episodic buffer? and what does it do?

Back 13

temporary store of info.

integrates visual, spatial and verbal info from other stores and maintains a time sequence.

also links to the LTM.

Front 14

Shallice and Warrington (1970) carried out a case study of patient KF, how does this support separate memory stores?

Back 14

Kf could process visual info but couldn't process verbal info. his phonological loop had been damaged yet other areas were intact suggesting there is different stores.However, evidence from brain damaged patients may be unreliable because it concerns unique and traumatic cases.

Front 15

Give a strength of dual task performance for the working memory model

Back 15

Baddeley et al. (1975) found ppts had more difficulty doing 2 visual tasks than doing a visual and a verbal task at the same time. The greater difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same limited resources therefore dual task performance activity provides existence of the VSS

Front 16

What is the issue with the lack of clarity over the central executive?

Back 16

Cognitive psychologists suggest the CE is unsatisfactory and doesn't really explain anything.

The CE is more clearly specified than simply "attention" some psychologists think it consists of several components meaning the WMM hasn't yet been fully explained.

Front 17

Give a strength to the Phonological loop in terms of word length.

Back 17

Baddeley et al. (1995) found people had difficulty remembering long word lists "the word length effect"

As there is limited space in the articulary process (about 2 seconds) word length effect disappears if PPT is give a repetitive task, demonstrating the process at work.

Front 18

What did Braver et al find in terms of brain scans to support the working memory model?

Back 18

get PPT's to do tasks involving the central executive while having a brain scan. Activity seen in the area known as the prefrontal cortex increased as the task became harder.

This makes sense as demands on the central executive increase if it has to work harder to fulfill it's function so this provides evidence that the CE may have a physical reality within the brain.

Front 19

Is the STM and LTM unitary stores in the MSM?

Back 19

yes

Front 20

How does Baddeley support the MSM?

Back 20

1966-found we mix u pwords which sounds similar when using STM's but mix up semantically similar words when using our LTM's Shows STM is accoustically encoded and LTM is semantically encoded.

supports view they're 2 differnet stores.

Front 21

How does patient KF limit the MSM?

Back 21

Shallice and Warrington in 1970 studied KF( a patient with amnesia) his STm for digits were poor when read to him but he could read them himself and remember them. suggests there may be more than 1 STM store but the MSM doesn't explain this.

Front 22

What did Craik and Watson show to limit the MSM?

Back 22

argued there is 2 types of rehersal. maintanance and elaborative

elaborative needed for LTM storage and occurs when you link info to your existing knowledge or process. Maintanance just maintains it in STM The Multi-store model can't explain this.

Front 23

How has using artificial materials limit the MSM?

Back 23

Researchers often asked PPT's to recall something with no personal meaning. In everyday life we form memories related to useful info e.g. names and facts. suggests the MSM lacks external validity. Research may reflect how memories work but don't reflect how they work in everyday life.

Front 24

How has Tulving further limit the MSM?

Back 24

LTm is not a unitary store-Tulving et al- Episodic, semantic and procedural, The MSM is limited as it can't explain this.