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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is memory?
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Memory is an active information-processing system that receives, stores, organises, alters, and recovers information.
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what is a cognitive processes?
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It is a process involving thinking, knowing, or mentally manipulating information.
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What is encoding?
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It is the active process of converting information into a form that allows it to be represented and stored in the memory system for future use.
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What is acoustic encoding
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the memory-encoding process whereby information is stored phonetically as sequences of sounds.
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what is visual encoding?
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Visual encoding is the memory-encoding process whereby information is stored as images. Tends to occur when it is important for someone to remember a series of pictures that are difficult to put into words.
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What is semantic encoding?
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It is the memory encoding process whereby information is stored according to meaning.
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Storage...
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Storage refers to the retention of information over time.
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Duration...
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Duration refers to the amount of time the information has been stored.
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capacity...
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Capacity is the amount of information that has been stored.
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selective attention...
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an automatic process that allows us to voluntarily attend to selected portions of information while ignoring the rest.
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Retrieval....
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Retrieval is the location and the recovering of information stored in memory.
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recall
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a measure of memory where memorized information is reproduced using minimal cues.
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free recall
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a measure of memory where memorized information is reproduced in any order, with minimal cues.
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serial recall....
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a measure of memory where memorized information is reproduced in order it was learned, with minimal cues.
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cued recall....
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a measure of memory where memorized information is reproduced using cues, hints, or prompts.
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recognition...
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a measure of memory in which previously learned information is identified correctly from among alternatives.
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retrieval cue...
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any stimulus (such as word or phrase) associated with a specific memory that enhances retrieval of that information.
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distracters...
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false items included with correct items (such as in a police line up) so as to test recognition memory.
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false positive...
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a false or incorrect sense of recognition that occurs when you are presented with a group of incorrect items and you identify one as correct because it appears to resemble the correct item more than the other items do.
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relearning...
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learning something that has been learned previously, so as to measure memory of prior learning.
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savings score...
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the amount of time saved (expressed as a percentage) when relearning information.
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sensory memory...
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the first stage of memory, which store an unlimited amount of sensory information for up to a few seconds.
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sensory registers
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subsystems of sensory memory that store specfic information sent from each of our senses.
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icon
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a mental image or representation with picture like qualities
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iconic memory
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the sensory memory that holds visual information (such as shape, size, colour, and location) in the form of an icon for approx one third/half a second.
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echoic memory
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the sensory memory system that holds auditory information, in the form of an echo, for up to 3 or 4 seconds.
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echo
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a brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard.
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short-term memory (STM)
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Our second memory system, used to store small amounts of encoded information for relatively brief periods.
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automatic encoding
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unconscious encoding of incidental information such as time, place and frequency, and of well-learned information such a word meanings.
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effortful encoding
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
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The magic number 7 (plus or minus two)
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the number of bits of information that the average short-term memory (STM) can hold, unaided, at any one time.
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rehearsal
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the conscious processing of information to maintain it in consciousness for an extended time period or to encode it at a deeper level for storage and later retrieval.
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maintenance rehearsal
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Silently repeating or mentally rehearsing information to hold it in short-term memory (STM) for longer than the usual 18-20 seconds.
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elaborative rehearsal
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Rehearsal that links new information with memories and knowledge already stored in long-term memory (LTM) in order to aid encoding, storage and retrieval.
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self-referencing
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Linking new information to the self or to personal experience.
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chunking
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grouping separate bits of information together as a single unit so as to increase STM storage capacity.
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information chunks
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individual bits of information that have been grouped into larger units
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working memory
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A specialized three-part system of STM that temporarily holds and actively manipulates information during thinking and problem solving.
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phonological loop
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an area of working memory that stores a limited amount of sound-bsed information for up to 2 seconds
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articulatory control system
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a subsystem of working memory's phonological loop that holds information for approximately 1.5 to 2 seconds by subvocalising (silently repeating) information.
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phonological store
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a subsystem of working memory's phonological loop that holds speech for approximately 1.5 to 2 seconds.
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Visuospatial sketchpad
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an area of working memory that stores an limited amount of visual and spatial information for manipulation.
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central executive
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an area of working memory that monitors, coordinates and integrates information recieved from the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad, as well as from long-term memory
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long-term memory (LTM)
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The memory system used for relatively permanent storage of an unlimited amount of information.
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consolidation
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the process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in LTM.
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amnesia
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loss of memory (partial or complete, temporary or permanent) due to trauma or organic causes
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interference
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the tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of new memories, and vice versa.
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consolidation theory
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the theory that during learning and in the 30 minutes after learning, changes in brain cells occur that result in the formation of a long-term memory.
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hippocampus
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a structure deep in the brain; associated with the regulation of emotions and the transfer of information from STM to LTM.
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procedural memory
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Long-term memories (LTMs) of conditioned responses and learned skills.
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declarative memory
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the part of LTM that contains specific factual information; subgroups are semantic memory and episodic memory
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semantic memory
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a subsection of declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world.
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episodic memory
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a subsection of declarative memory that records personal experiences linked to specific times and places.
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semantic network theory
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a theory that suggests information in LTM is organised and stored as networks of linked meanings.
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serial-position effect
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a pattern of recall for list items where recall is superior for the last items, and then for items at the beginning, than it is for items in the middle of the list.
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recency effect
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the serial-position effect resulting in superior recall of items at the end of a list.
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primacy effect
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the serial-position effect resulting in superior recall of items at the beginning of the list.
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