Memory Final- Book- Memory & Reality

Front 1

what is source monitoring?

Back 1

ability to keep track of where memories come from. does not necessarily require complete consciousness of the original source.

Front 2

which source monitoring processes involve which parts of the brain?

Back 2

integrating info about source & content into a memory trace involves the hippocampus.
search for source info uses the prefrontal lobes.
actual retrieval of the info involves the temporal lobes.

Front 3

what types of info are used to evaluate the source of the info?

Back 3

-perceptual detail: memories that were actually experienced generally have a higher degree of perceptual detail.
-contextual info: context in which the memory was acquired.
-amount of semantic detail &/or affective info: person was mentally & emotionally involved in the event.
-cognitive operations: mental activities performed when first thinking about the info (mental images, etc.)

Front 4

what are the 3 types of source monitoring?

Back 4

-internal source monitoring
-external source monitoring
-reality monitoring

Front 5

describe internal source monitoring. what types of info are high/useful in making these judgments?

Back 5

distinguishing btwn events a person thought about doing vs actually doing. perceptual detail & contextual info are likely to be useful. semantic & emotional details are likely to be low b/c the actions are generated by the person & therefore not useful. cognitive operations are likely to be high whether the person did the activity or just thought about doing the activity (planning).

Front 6

describe external source monitoring. what types of info are high/useful in making these judgments?

Back 6

a person needs to distinguish btwn 2 external events. perceptual & contextual info are important. semantic & emotional details (reactions) can be useful. cognitive operations are likely to be low b/c the info is coming from outside the person & therefore not useful.

Front 7

describe reality monitoring. what types of info are high/useful in making these judgments?

Back 7

distinguish btwn events that were imagined vs events that actually happened. perceptual & contextual info is important. semantic & emotional details are more plentiful for events that actually happened. cognitive operations are likely to be scarce for events that actually occurred, but plentiful for events that were imagined.

Front 8

how do source monitoring errors occur?

Back 8

repeated attempts to remember (which can cause reminiscence & hypermnesia) can increase the likelihood of confusing an imagined event w/a real one. repeated memory retrieval introduce more perception-like qualities. also, a person might rely on his schematic knowledge to make source decisions if the source is forgotten.

Front 9

what is source cueing?

Back 9

knowledge about source can be used to narrow down or access traces in LTM.

Front 10

what is cryptomnesia?

Back 10

people come w/ideas that they think are their own but in fact were encountered in the past. unconscious plagiarism.

Front 11

what are the explanations for cryptomnesia?

Back 11

it's a reality monitoring error. the original source is so weak that it has little or no influence later. a feeling of familiarity will boost a person's confidence in the idea as their own.

Front 12

what is the false fame effect? what principle does it use?

Back 12

familiarity-based reconstruction. tendency to think someone is famous simply b/c their name sounds familiar. principle of mere exposure.

Front 13

how does frequency affect preference? what is a possible explanation?

Back 13

people show a preference for things that they are exposed to frequently & therefore retain a feeling of familiarity. probably has some survival value, so we are not tempted to try new, possibly dangerous, things.

Front 14

what is the sleeper effect? how does this happen?

Back 14

people are given some info that comes from either high or low credibility. if the source has low credibility, people initially discount the info. after a delay (days, weeks) people will remember the info & consider it more credible than originally thought.
pple store both the content info & the source info. after time, content info is better remembered, & the source info becomes disconnected from it.

Front 15

what components must be in place to get the sleeper effect?

Back 15

-pple must pay attention to the info in the message.
-person should get the discounting message after hearing the info.
-person should rate the trustworthiness of the source immediately after hearing it (before the discounting message).

Front 16

what are false memories?

Back 16

when people 'remember' things that never happened.

Front 17

describe the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm.

Back 17

a list-learning paradigm used to create false memories. a larger number of associations makes it more likely that the false memory word will be primed. the less recallable the actual items are, the more likely a person will have a false memory.

Front 18

what neurological measurement shows a difference in false memories vs actual memories? what does this suggest?

Back 18

ERPs will happen earlier in recalling a false memory than in recalling a true memory. suggests that decisions are being made faster b/c they are less thorough & using less info.

Front 19

what factors can influence the production of false memories?

Back 19

-inhibition: 1. directed forgetting will increase false memories, 2. part-set cueing can decrease false memories.
-social factors: pple are more likely to have a false memory if it was reported by someone else.

Front 20

describe false memories from integration.

Back 20

several events are misremembered as 1 event. b/c there is an overlap in content, they are likely to be interpreted as a common situation.

Front 21

what is imagination inflation?

Back 21

when people imagine false events, imagination makes the memory traces richer in detail & gives them more pseudoperceptual qualities. people will feel confident about these false memories.

Front 22

what aspect of a 'memory' can make it a false memory? how can false memories be implanted?

Back 22

the likelihood of creating a false memory is a function of how plausible the info is.
-if a person is overtly questioned about an event in their past (that didn't actually happen).
-a person overhears another person's report.
-if the person providing the implanted info is extroverted
-if the person is prone to dissociative experiences.

Front 23

what are some tendencies that distinguish false from true memories?

Back 23

true memories are generally more detailed, more emotional, more likely to be 'recollected' & more likely to be field memories.
false memories are likely to be stereotypical events, more likely to be 'known' & be observer memories.

Front 24

what is a possible explanation for the new information that is remembered under hypnosis?

Back 24

it is simply the hypermnesia & reminiscence one would see with repeated recall.

Front 25

what is verbal overshadowing?

Back 25

when a person talks about a memory, the memory can be changed by the verbalization. this may alter the recognition process & make people more conservative in their memory judgments.

Front 26

what is revelation effect?

Back 26

people are more likely to misrecognize new info as old if the info is revealed gradually. can also occur when people make frequency judgments as well as simple recognition judgments.
effect occurs only when pple think they are remembering a prior episode. seems to be an affect of familiarity.