Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Encoding
|
Refers to the representation of info in memory
1) How info is represented in memory 2) What info is represented in memory |
|
Storage
|
1) Capacity - how much can it hold
2) Duration - how long does the info last 3) Fate - what happens to the info in the store |
|
Retrieval
|
The act of extracting info from a memory store
|
|
Sperling's Partial Report Procedure
|
1) 12 letters were shown for 50 msec
2) High, Medium, Low tone sounded after display disappeared 3) subjects reported as many letters in a row as possible - Had stored 75% of the 12 letters correctly (9) - This brief high capacity store of visual info is the Iconic Store |
|
Iconic Store
Capacity Duration Fate |
Capacity - 9 items
Duration - 250msec (visual info lasts) Fate - Masking or Erasure |
|
Averbach & Coriell
|
1) letter array for 50msec
2) Blank interval for 50msec 3) Circly displayed for 50msec - With the circle, subjects correctly identified the circled letter only 10-20% of the time --> The circle had masked or erased the letter |
|
Modified Partial Report Cue
(no semantic info in iconic store) |
1) letters shown for 50msec
2) High or Low tone Spatial------> 100% correct 1. High tone = Top Row 2. Low Tone = Bottom Semantic------> 50% correct 1. High T = Report Letters 2. Low To = Report numbers - Only the spatial cue was effective--> No Semantic Info in Iconic Store |
|
Rayner Study
|
(Size of area from which person picks up info during a fixation in reading)
Subjects read sentences - Rayner changed sentence during a saccade - When you're fixating 10-12 character spaces before the nonsense word, it took 50msec more time to process when the real word was substituted (compared to when the real word was there all along) -Info in the Iconic Store may receive some processing - This helps us anticipate the general form of the info we are about to encounter |
|
Kunst-Wilson, Zajonc Study
|
-Showed subjects 10 polygons 5 times each for 1msec
1) Recognition Test 2) Affective Jugment Test -> Recognition Performance - 48% (chance) -> Affective Jugment - Previously viewed polygon was preferred 60% of the time (above chance) --> Some info of the stimuli must have been getting into the info processing system --> This allowed them to better like the previously viewed one even though they could not consciously recognize it |
|
Bargh STudy
|
-Subjects shown 100 words for 100msec eah followed by a mask (row of Xs)
-Words were shown outside of the foveal region -0, 20, 80% were hostile words -They were given a 12 sentence behavior description of a fictional character Donald -The higher the proportion of hostile words shown, the more negatively they rated Donald |
|
Perception
|
The conscious experience that results from stimulation of the senses
|
|
Bottom-Up Processing
|
Data-Driven Processing
Involves processing based on incoming data from the environment |
|
Top-Down Processing
|
Involves using knowledge gained from experience to help perceive & identify a stimulus
|
|
Donders Experiment
|
1) Simple Reaction Time - push button as fast as possible when light flashed
2)Choice Reaction Time - push one button if light was on left, another if it was on the right --> Donders attributed the time difference between the conditions to the time it took to make a decision--154msec-- *Mental Processes usually are not observed directly but inferred from behavior* |
|
Helmholtz Theory
|
Theory of Unconscious Inference
-Some of our perceptions are produced by unconscious assumptions we make about our environment -We use experience to infer much of what we know about the world |
|
Wundt
|
-1st lab for studying mental processes
-Introspection to examine mental processes -Trained subjects reported their mental experience PROBLEM -Some mental processes occur so quickly or automatically that they are not aavailable to conscious description |
|
Watson
|
Rejected Introspection
Proposed Behaviorism Goal: Predict & Control Behavior Problems With Behaviorism -Rewards & punishments not only influence on behavior - Instincts play a role -How objective situation is interpreted can be important -unobservable processes like beliefs & memories are important |
|
Newell & Simon
Computer |
Human System Computer
-Sensory Stores -Input/Output -STMemory - RAM -LTMemory - Hard Drive/CD |
|
Current Approach in Cognitive Psychology
|
Attempt to describe (unobservable) mental processes that are revealed through many techniques:
-errors in task performance -reaction times -physiological measures |
|
Anterograde Amnesia
|
Person generally loses the ability to do new long-term memorization
|
|
Retrograde Amnesia
|
Person will often forget information learned before the accident
|
|
Shrinking Retrograde Amnesia
|
Over time, previously learned info returns - The oldest memories tend to recover first, followed by the more recent ones
|
|
Human Memory
1) Person directs attention to some location in the iconic store where unidentified visual info is stored |
Tuning Fork
1) Person strikes unlabeled tuning fork |
|
Human Memory
2) Visual info in Long-Term store is contacted that matches info in iconic store, activating both visual & semantic info in the LTS |
Tuning Fork
2) A tuning fork that is set to vibrate at the same frequency as the unlabeled fork begins to hum |
|
Human Memory
3) Person becomes conscious of existence of & identity of info in the iconic store |
Tuning Fork
3) Person identifies vibration frequency of the unlabeled tuning fork by reading the label on the vibrating tuning fork |
|
IT Cortex
|
InferoTemporal - Neurons respond to visual forms
Damage--> Prosopagnosia - can't recognize faces of close friends, family, or themselves |
|
MT Cortex
|
MedialTemporal -
Damage--> Motion Agnosia - Inability to perceive motion |
|
Neisser's Definition of Cognitive Psychology
|
All processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, & used
Reduction - occurs when info is lost Elaboration - occurs when we add to the sensory input |