Memory

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Encoding

Back 1

the process of acquiring information and entering it into memory

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Acoustic encoding

Back 2

the mental representation of information as a sequence of sounds

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Visual encoding

Back 3

the mental representation of information as images

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semantic encoding

Back 4

the mental representation of an experience by its general meaning

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storage

Back 5

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

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retrieval

Back 6

the process of recalling information stored in memory

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episodic memory

Back 7

memory of an event that happened while one was present

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semantic memory

Back 8

a type of memory containing generalized knowledge of the world

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procedural memory

Back 9

a type of memory containing information about how to do things

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explicit memory

Back 10

the process in which people intentionally try to remember something

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implicit memory

Back 11

the unintentional influence of prior experiences

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information processing model

Back 12

a model of memory in which information is seen as passing through sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory

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levels-of-processing memory

Back 13

a view stating that how well something is remembered depends on the degree to which incoming information is mentally processed

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maintenance rehearsal

Back 14

repeating information over and over again to keep it active in short term memory

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elaborative rehearsal

Back 15

a memorization method that involves thinking about how new information relates to information already stored in long term memory

Front 16

Transfer-appropriate procesing model

Back 16

a model of memory that suggests that a critical determinant of memory is how well the retrieval process matches the original encoding process

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parallel distributed processing models

Back 17

memory models in which new experiences change one's overall knowledge base

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multiple memory systems model

Back 18

a model of memory that suggests the brain contains several memory systems, each of which resides in a different area and each of which serves somewhat different purposes

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sensory memory

Back 19

a typeof memory that holds large amounts of incoming information very briefly, but long enough to connect one impression to the next--lasts less than one second

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sensory registers

Back 20

memory systems that hold incoming information long enough for it to be processed further

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selective attention

Back 21

the focusing of mental resources on only part of the stimulus field

Front 22

Short term memory

Back 22

the maintenance component of working memory, which holds unrehearsed information for a limited time--lasts about 18 seconds

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working memory

Back 23

the part of the memory system that allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate information being held in short term memory

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immediate memory span

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the maximum number of itens a person can recall perfectly after one presentation of the items

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chunks

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stimuli that are percieved as one unit or as a meaningfull grouping

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brown-peterson procedure

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a method for determining how long unrehearsed information remains in shor term memory

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long term memory

Back 27

a relatively long lasting stage of memory whose capacity to store new information is believed to be unlimited

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primacy effect

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a characteristic of memory in which recall of the first two or three items in a list is particularly good

Front 29

recency effect

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a characteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good for the last few items in a list

Front 30

retrieval cue

Back 30

a stimulus that aids the recall or recognition of information stored in memory

Front 31

encoding specificity principle

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a principle stating that the ability of a cue to aid retrieval depends on the degree to which it taps into information that was encoded at the time of original learning

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context dependent memory

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memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled

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state dependent memory

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memory that is aided or impeded by a persons internal state

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spreading activiation

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a principle that explains how information is retrieved in semantic network theories of memory

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schemas

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mental representations of categories of objects, events and people

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method of savings

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measuring forgetting by computing the difference between the number of repetitions needed to learn and, after a delay, relearn the same material

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decay

Back 37

the gradual disappearance of the mental representation of a stimulus

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interference

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the process through which either the storage or the retrieval of information is impaired by the presence of other information

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retroactive interference

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a cause of forgetting in which new information placed in memory interferes with the ability to recall information already in memory

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proactive interference

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a cause of forgetting in which information already in long term memory interferes with the ability to remember new information

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anterograde amnesia

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a loss of memory for any event that occurs after a brain injury

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retrograde amnesia

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a loss of memory for events prior to a brain injury

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mnemonics

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strategies for placing information in an organized context in order to remember

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method of loci

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method of places