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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Recognition
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Identify items previously learned (e.g. multiple choice test)
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Relearning
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Learning something more quickly 2nd time around
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Encoding
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Get information into our brain
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Storage
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Retain information
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Retrieval
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Get the information back out
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Sensory memory
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Immediate, very brief sensory information
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Working or Short-term memory
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Brief memory (such as 7 digits of a phone number before it fades away); active processing; MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL
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Long-term memory
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Relatively permanent, limitless storehouse
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Baddley's central executive
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Auditory rehearsal
Visual-spatial information Conducted by central executive (focuses attention) to create LONG-TERM MEMORY |
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Atkinson & Shiffrin's dual-track memory
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Parallel processing; (1) EXPLICIT (DECLARATIVE) memories & (2) IMPLICIT (NONDECLARATIVE) memories
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What are 2 basic functions of working memory?
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1. Active processing of incoming visual/auditory information
2. Focusing our spotlight of attention (dual-track) |
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Implicit memory
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1. Procedural
2. Automatic (classically conditioned) associations |
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Iconic memory
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Fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli (flashed images)
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Echoic memory
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Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli ("What did I just say?" echo echo echo)
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Testing effect
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Self-assessment is better for learning than re-reading
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Shallow processing
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Word's letters or word's sound
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Deep processing
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Semantic encoding, based on the meaning of words; yields best retention
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Implicit memory
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Processed in cerebellum and basal ganglia; space time, frequency, motor and cognitive skills, classical conditioning
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Explicit memory
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Processed in hippocampus and frontal lobes; facts and general knowledge; personally experienced events
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Long-term potentiation
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Neural basis for learning and memory; brief, rapid stimulation
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Recall
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Short-answer or fill-in-the-blank questions; harder to do and better for testing yourself
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Recognition
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Multiple-choice questions
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Serial position effect
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Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list (primacy and recency effects)
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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Memory retention; forgetting curve: "The course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time." (Looks like an L!)
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Proactive interference
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Old boyfriend's name interferes with new bf's name
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Retroactive interference
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New disrupts recall of old information
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Positive transfer
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Old facilitates the learning of new information
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What are the 3 ways we forget?
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1. Retrieval error
2. Encoding error 3. Memory decay |
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Misinformation effect
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How witnesses' memories can be changed by being given misinformation
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