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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
memory
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the ability to store and retrieve information over time
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encoding
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the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
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storage
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the process of maintaining information over time
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retrieval
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the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
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elaborative encoding
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the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory
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three key functions of memory
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encoding, storage, retrieval
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sematic judgement
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requires participants to think about the word
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rhyme judgement
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required participants to think about the sound of the word
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visual judgement
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required participants to think about the appearance of the word
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visual imaging encoding
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the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
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organizational encoding
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the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items
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lower left frontal lobe
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during semantic judgement ______ is active
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upper left frontal lobe
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during organizational judgement the _______ is active
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occipital lobe
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during visual judgement the ______ is active
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sensory memory
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a type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less
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iconic memory
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a fast-decaying store of visual information
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echoic memory
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a fast-decaying store of auditory information
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short term memory
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a type of storage that holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
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rehearsal
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the process of keeping information in short term memory by mentally repeating it
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chunking
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combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short term memory
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working memory
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active maintenance of information in short term storage
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long term memory
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a type of storage that holds information for hours days weeks or years
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anterograde amnesia
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the inability to transfer new information from the short term store into the long term store
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retrograde amnesia
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the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date of an injury or operation
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consolidation
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the process by which memories become stable in the brain
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reconsolidation
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memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again
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long-term potentiation LTP
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a process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier
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NMDA receptor
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a receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of LTP
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retrieval cues
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external information that helps bring stored information to mind
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encoding specificity principle
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the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded
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state dependent retrieval
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the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
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transfer appropriate processing
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memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match
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retrieval induced forgetting
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a process by which retrieving an item from long term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items (frontal lobe suppresses competing information
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explicit memory
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the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences
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implicit memory
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the influence of past experiences on later behavior, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection
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priming
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an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus; less cortical activation
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procedural memory
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the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or knowing how to do things
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semantic memory
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a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
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episodic memory
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the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
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transience
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forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
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retroactive interference
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situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired later
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proactive interference
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situation in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later
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absentmindedness
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a lapse in attention that results in memory failure
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source memory
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recall of when where and how information was acquired
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prospective memory
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remembering to do things in the future
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blocking
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a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it
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memory misattribution
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assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
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false recognition
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a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before
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suggestibility
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the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections
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bias
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the distorting influences of present knowledge beliefs and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
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persistence
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the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
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flashbulb memory
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detailed recollection of when and where we heard about shocking events
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