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52 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
memory
the ability to store and retrieve information over time
encoding
the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
storage
the process of maintaining information over time
retrieval
the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
elaborative encoding
the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory
three key functions of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
sematic judgement
requires participants to think about the word
rhyme judgement
required participants to think about the sound of the word
visual judgement
required participants to think about the appearance of the word
visual imaging encoding
the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
organizational encoding
the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items
lower left frontal lobe
during semantic judgement ______ is active
upper left frontal lobe
during organizational judgement the _______ is active
occipital lobe
during visual judgement the ______ is active
sensory memory
a type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less
iconic memory
a fast-decaying store of visual information
echoic memory
a fast-decaying store of auditory information
short term memory
a type of storage that holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
rehearsal
the process of keeping information in short term memory by mentally repeating it
chunking
combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short term memory
working memory
active maintenance of information in short term storage
long term memory
a type of storage that holds information for hours days weeks or years
anterograde amnesia
the inability to transfer new information from the short term store into the long term store
retrograde amnesia
the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date of an injury or operation
consolidation
the process by which memories become stable in the brain
reconsolidation
memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again
long-term potentiation LTP
a process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier
NMDA receptor
a receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of LTP
retrieval cues
external information that helps bring stored information to mind
encoding specificity principle
the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded
state dependent retrieval
the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
transfer appropriate processing
memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match
retrieval induced forgetting
a process by which retrieving an item from long term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items (frontal lobe suppresses competing information
explicit memory
the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences
implicit memory
the influence of past experiences on later behavior, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection
priming
an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus; less cortical activation
procedural memory
the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or knowing how to do things
semantic memory
a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
episodic memory
the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
transience
forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
retroactive interference
situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired later
proactive interference
situation in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later
absentmindedness
a lapse in attention that results in memory failure
source memory
recall of when where and how information was acquired
prospective memory
remembering to do things in the future
blocking
a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it
memory misattribution
assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
false recognition
a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before
suggestibility
the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections
bias
the distorting influences of present knowledge beliefs and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
persistence
the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
flashbulb memory
detailed recollection of when and where we heard about shocking events