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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Blood is classified as
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connective tissure because is consists of cells suspended in an intercellular background material or matirx.
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Whole blood is a what fluid:
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viscous (thick)
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blood varies in color because of:
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the amount of O2 it is carrying.
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Blood volume accounts for how much of the total body weight:
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8%
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How much of the blood volume is plasma?
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55%
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What % of the plasma is water?
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91%
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After water what is the next largest % and name of material in the plasma?
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Protein 8%
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Albumin
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the most abundant protein in plasma
important for maintaining the bloods osmotic pressure This protein is manufactured in the liver. |
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Clotting factors
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necessary for blood coagulation
manufactured in the liver |
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Antibodies
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combat infection
Made by certain white blood cells. |
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Nutrients
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Blood transports nutrients and otgher needed substances, such as electrolyets (salts) and vitamins to the cells.
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Gases
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oxygen from inhalds air diffuses into the blood through thin membranes in the lungs and is carried by the cirbulation to all body tissues.
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Carbon Dioxide
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a waste product of the cell metabolism
carried from the tissues to the lungs where it is exhaled. |
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Waste
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blood transport the waste products fromt he cells to site where they are removed.
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Kidneys
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remove excess water, acid, electrolytes, and urea (a nitrogen containing waste)
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Liver
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removes blood pigments, nhormones, and drugs
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Lungs
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remove carbon dioxide
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Erytrocytes
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from erythro (red) are the red blood cells that transport oxygen
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Leukocytes
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from leuko (white) are several types of white blood cells which protect against infection
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Platelets or
thrombocytes |
cell fragments the participate in blood clotting
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Heat
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blood transports heat that is generated in the muscles to other parts of the body aiding in regulation of body tremp
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Disease
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blood i important in defense against diesase.
It carries the cells and antibodies of the immne system that protect agains pathogens |
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Blood
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lossblood contains factors that protect against blood loss at the site of injury.
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Compliment
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consists of a group of enzymes that helps antibodies in their fight against pathogens
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Nutrients in the plasma consist of what %
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1`%
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The principle carb found in plasma is:
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Glucose
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Glucose is stored as:
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glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles
released as needed to supply energy. |
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Amino acids
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the product of protein digestion circulate in the plasma
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Lipids are found in the:
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plasma and include fats, cholesterol, lipoproteins,
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Lipoproteins
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proteins bound to cholesterol
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Electrolytes (salts)
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used in the formation bone, production of certain hormones (thyroid [iodine]), and the maintenance of acid based balance
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Other materials transported by the blood:
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vitamins, hormones, waste products, drugs, dissolved gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
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All the bloods formed elements are produced in:
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red bone marrow
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hematopoietic stem cells
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blood forming
can develop into any of the blood cell types produced withing the red bone marrow |
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Most blood cells are short lived and need:
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constant blood cell replacement and athe red bone marrow is absolutely essention to life.
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Erythrocytes
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red blood vells
disk shaped bodies with a depression on both sides they lack a nucleus (anuclear) also lacks most of the other organelles commonly found in cells |
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Hemoglobin
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a protein that contains iron
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Oxygen is bound in the red cells to
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hemoglobin
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What gives blood its color?
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Hemoglobin combined with oxygen
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The more O2 carried the
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brighter the blood
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Why is the blood darker when it returns to the lungs
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because it has given up uch of its ixygen to the tissues
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Hemoglobin
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transports Oxygen
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Hemoglobin when it has given up its oxygen carries
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hydrogen ions and acts as a buffer and plays an important role in acid based balance
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Hemoglobin also carries carbon dioxide from
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the tissues to the lungs for elimination
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Hemoglobins ability to carry oxygen can be blocked by
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carbon monoxide
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Carbon monoxide is a byproduct of
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teh incomplete burning of fuels (gas other petroleum products/coal, wood, cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust)
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micro liter
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1 millionth of a liter
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Red blood cells have no
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neuclus and cannot divide and must be replaced constantly
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After blood leaves the bone marrow it
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circulates in the bloodstream for about 120 days before their membranse deteriorate and are destroyed by the liver or spleen.
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Red cell production is stimulatd by the hormone
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erythropoietin (released from th ekidney in response to decreased O2
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Constant red cell production requires supply of nutrients:
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protein, B vitamins, B 12, folic acid (for the production of DNA),
minerals: iron and copper (production of hemoglobin) Vitamin C is also important for proper absorption of iron from the small intestine. |
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Leukocytes
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white blood cells that are colorless
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White blood cells are identified by:
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their size, the shape of their nucleus, and the appearance of granules in the cytoplasm when cells are stained.
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The stain commonly used to stain the blood is
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Wright stain - a mixture of dyes that differientiate the different blood cells
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The relative percentage of different types of leukocytes is a valuable clue in
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arriving at a medical diagnosis
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Granlocytes
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granular leukocytes
the show visible granules in the cytoplasm when stained |
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the different types of Granulocytes are named for:
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the different type of dyes they take up when stained
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Neutrophils stain with
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either acidic or basic dyes and show lavender granules
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Eosinphils stain with
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acidic dyes (eosin is one) and have beadlike, bright pink granules
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Basophils stain with
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basic dyes and have large, dark blue granules that often obscure the nucleus
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Neutrophils are the:
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most numerous of the white cells (60%)
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Nurtrophils that have vairous shaped nuclei are called:
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polymorphs
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Polymorphs (*segs)
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Nurtrophils that have vairous shaped nuclei are called:
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SEGS refer to
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segmented nucleus
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Polymorphonuclear
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PMN
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band cells
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before reaching full maturity and becoming segmented, a neutrophils nucleus looks like a thick, curved band.
an increase of band cells is a sign of infection and actibe neutrophil production |
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Eosinophils and basophils make up a small % of white cells but
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increase in # during an allergic reaction
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Agranulocytes (agranular leukocytes)
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namved because they lack easily bidible granules
their nuclei are roung or curved and are not segmented |
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What are the two types of agranular leukocytes:
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Lymphocytes
Monocytes |
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Lymphocytes
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the second most numerous of white blood cells
originate in the red bone marrow develop to maturity in lymphoid tissue can multiply in the lymphphoid tissue as well circulate in the lymphatic system are active in immunity |
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Monocytes
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are the largest in size
average about 5% of leukocytes |
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Leukocytes clear the body of
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foreign material and cellular debris
they destroy pathogens that may invade the body |
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Nutrophils and monocytes engage in:
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phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis:
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the engulfing of foreign matter
squeeze between the cells of capillary walls to the area of infection and engulf the invaders |
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Lysomes in the cytoplasm
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digest foreign organisms and the cells eliminate the waste products
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When foreign organisms invade:
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the bone marrow and lyphoid tissue go in to ER production of white cells and their numbers increase enourmously.
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Detection of abnormally large number of white blood cells in the blood
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is an indication of infection
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Leukocytes may be destroyed when:
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battling pathogens
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Pus is formed by:
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dead and living bacteria together with dead and living leukocytes
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Puss localized in one area is known as:
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an abscess
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Highly active in disposing invaders and foreign material
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Macrophages
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Macrophages
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Highly active in disposing invaders and foreign material
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Most circulating lymphocytes live only
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6-8 hours
those that enter the tissue live days, months, or even years |
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Some lymphocytes become
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plasma cells active in the production of circulating antibodies needed for immunity
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Blood platelets (thrombocytes) are the:
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smallest of all the formed elements.
they are not vels in themselves but rather fragments constantly released from giant bone marrow cells (megakarocytes) |
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Giant bone marrow cells
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megakaryocytes
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Megakaryocytes
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giant bone marrow cells
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Platelets do not have:
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a nuclei
DNA |
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Platelets contain:
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active enzymes
mytrochondria |
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The nubmer of platelets in the circulatin blood has been estimated to range from:
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150,000 - 450,000per ul
They have a life span of about 10 days |
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Platelets are essential to:
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blood coagulation (clotting)
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Coagulation
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platelets stick together and form a plug that seals the wound.
Platelets then release chemicals that participate in the formation of a clot to stop blood loss. |
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hemostasis
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the process that pervents blood loss from the circulation when a blood vessel is ruptured by an injury.
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Events in homeostasis include:
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Contraction - vasoconstriction
Platelet plug formation Blood clot formation (coagulation) |
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Blood clotting
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coagulation
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Procoagulant
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pro-motes clotting
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Anticoagulant
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prevents clotting
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Fibrinogen
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plasma protein
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Fibrin
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a solid thread which forms the clot
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prothrombinase
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a substance that triggers the final clotting mechanism
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Prothrombinase converst
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prothrombin in the blood to thrombin
calcium is needed for this step |
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Thrombin
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converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluable fibrin
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Fibrin forms
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a network of threads that entrap plasma and collod cells to form a clot.
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Blood clotting forms in response to
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an injury.
when it comes into contact with some surface otherthanthe lining of a blood besser (glass/plastic tube/ |
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The fluid that remains after blood clotting has occured is called:
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serum
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Plasma =
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serum + clotting factors
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hemorrhage
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excessice bleeding
cells suffer from a lack of O2 and nutrients |
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Transfusion
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blood from another person into the veins
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Hemolyzed
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antibodies or agglutinins that can cause the red cells of the donor blood to rupture and release their hemoglobin.
this can be dangerous |
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Antigens/agglutinins
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certain proteins that are on the surface of the red blood cells can cause incompatibility reactions
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The two main type of proteins likely to cause a transfusion reaction:
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the A and B antigens
RH factor |
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Four blood types:
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A, B, AB, and O
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The blood type letters indicate:
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the type of antigen present in the red blood cells
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Type O blood types have neither:
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the A or B antigen
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People usually only develop an antibody when:
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they have been exposed to an antigen
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It is the antibodies in the patients blood that reacts to the
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antigens on the donor's red cells causing a transfusion reaction
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anti-A serum
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blood serum containing antibodies that can agglutinate and destroy red cells with an A antigen
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anti-B serum
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blood serum containing antibodies that can agglutinate and destroy red cells with B antigen
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agglutination
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when the corresponding red cells clump together
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In patients with prior pregnancies or blood transfusions:
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both the red cells and the serum are tested separatey for any possible cross-reactons with donor blood
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What determines a persons blood type:
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hereditary
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45% of the white population is what blood type:
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Type O
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Type A:
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40%
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Type B:
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11%
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Type AB:
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4%
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Type O blood can be given because:
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it lacks the A and B antigen
it is the universal blood type |
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Blood can be stored for up to:
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35 days
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Blood in a blood bank is dated by;
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the expiration date
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What is the most important blood to have on hand for emergencies:
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Rh negative
Type O |
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Autologous
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serlf-originating blood
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Whole blood transfusions are given when:
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a treatment of massive hemorrhage from a serious mechanical injury
their is blood loss dirung internal bleeding (bleeding ulcers) during or after an operation that causes considerable blood loss for blood replacement in the treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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What particular disease can be transmitted from blood transfusions
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Hepatitis
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centrifuge
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a machine that spins in a circle at high speeds to separate a mixture's components according to density
used in separating blood plasma from the formed elements |
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Another red cell antigen:
Rh factor bloody type %: |
85%
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