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225 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The transfer of nutrients into the circulation:
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absorption
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What are the 4 layers of the digestive tract:
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1. Mucous membrane
2. Submucosa 3. Smooth muscle 4. Serous membrane |
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Accessory organs:
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not a direct part of the digestive tract
release substances into the digestive tract through ducts |
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mucous membrane (mucosa)
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epithelieal layer contains many ucus-secreting cells
from mouth to anus contains multiple layers of squamous (flat) cells that hep protect deeper tisues. |
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Many of the cells that secrete digestive juices are located in the:
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mucousa
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Musous secreting cells (goblet cells) appear as clear areas between:
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epithelial cells.
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The small intestine's lining has fingelike extensions (vili) that do what:
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aid in the absorption of nutrients
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Submucosa:
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layer of connective tissue beneath the mucosa
contains blood vesssels and some nerves that help regulate digestive activity |
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Submucosa has many glands that procuce:
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Mucus to protect that organ from highly acidic materials received from the stomach
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Smooth muscle:
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Most digestive organs have two layer of smooth muscle:
inner (circular fibers) outter (longitudinal fibers) |
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Inner Layer of smooth muscle:
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When contracted the lumin is narrowed
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Outer Layer of smooth muscle (Longitudinal muscle):
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when contrated the wall shortens and the lumen becomes wider
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Alternating contractions of the inner and outer layer of the smooth muscle in the digestive tract create a:
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wavelike movement called peristalsis
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Peristalsis:
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propels food through the digestive tract and mixes with digestive juices
a wavelike movement created from the inner and outer layer of the smooth muscle |
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Esophagus has what type of muscle"
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striated muscle
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The stomach has 3 layers to:
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add strength for churing food
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What is the outermost layer of the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity:
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Serious membrane or serosa
(a thin moist tissue composed of simple quamous epithelium and loose connective tissue - forms part of the peritoneum) |
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The esophagus above the diaphram has an outer layer composed of:
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fibrous connective tissue
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The abdominopelvic cavity is lined with:
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a thin, shiny serous membrane that folds back to cover most of the organs contained within the cavity.
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outer portion that lines the abdominal cavity and attatches organs to the abdominal wall:
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parietal peritoneum
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Serious membrane or serosa
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thin, moist tissue composed of simple squamous epithelium and loose connective tissue
forms part of the peritoneum |
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visceral peritoneum:
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covers the abdominal organs
the slippery membrane that allows the organs to slide over each other as they function |
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The peritoneum also carries:
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- blood vessels
- limphatic vessels - nerves - |
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Peritioneal cavity:
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the space between the two layers (parietal/visceral)
- contains serious fluid (peritoneal fluid) |
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The greater peritoneal cavity:
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the main portion located in the abdominal cavity and extending into the pelvic cavity
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The lesser peritoneal cavity:
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formed by a smaller extension of these membranes dorsal to the stomach, extending dorsal to the liver to the posterior attachment of the diaphram
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Subdivisions of the peritoneum:
LISTED |
Mesentery
Mesocolon Greater omemtum Lesser omemtum |
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Subdivisions of the peritoneum:
Mesentery |
double layerer portion of the peritoneum
shaped like a fan handle portion attaches to the abdominal wall the expanded long edge is attached to the small intestine nerves that supply the intestine are between the layers of the mesentery and mesocolon layer |
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Subdivisions of the peritoneum:
Mesocolon |
the section of the peritoneum that extends from the colon to the posterior agdominal wall
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Subdivisions of the peritoneum:
Greater omentum |
a large double layer of the peritoneum containing much fat hangs like an apron over the front of the intestines
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Subdivisions of the peritoneum:
Lesser omentum |
a smaller membrane that extends between the stomach and the liver
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Organs of the digestive tract: (alimentary tract)
(gastrointestinal tract) |
Mouth
Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine |
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ailment means:
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food
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The digestive tract is a:
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muscular tube extending through the body
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Mouth (oral cavity)
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a substance begins the travel through the digestive tract
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The Mouth has what digestive functions:
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- ingestion (recieves food)
- mastication (breaks food down) - saliva (lubricates food/begins digestion of food) - deglitination (swollowing) |
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Oral Cavity:
The tongue: |
a muscular organ that projects into the mouth:
- aids chewing/swollowing - a principal organ of speech - has special surface receptors - taste buds |
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Oral Cavity:
Teeth: |
- 2 - 6 yrs 20 teeth baby teeth
(decidious) - adult teeth 32 permanent cutting teeth = incisors cuspids = canines/eyeteeth molars = grinding teeth |
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Oral Cavity:
Cutting Teeth (incisors) |
anterior part of the oral cavity
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Oral Cavity:
Cuspids (canines/eyeteeth) |
Lateral to the incisors
pointed teeth with deep roots that are used for more forceful gripping and tearing |
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Oral Cavity:
Molars: |
posterior
large grinding teeth (2) premolars (3) molars |
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Oral Cavity:
Each quadrant has (adult): |
From anterior to posterior:
(2) incisors (1) cuspid (5) molars |
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Oral Cavity:
the first (8) baby teeth are: |
incisors
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Oral Cavity:
During the first 2 yrs permanent teeth develope within the : |
upper jaw (maxilla) and
lower jaw (mandible) |
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Oral Cavity:
Baby teeth develop from what: |
buds present at birth
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Oral Cavity:
1st permanent teeth to appear: |
(4) 6-yr molars
come before the baby teeth are lost |
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Oral Cavity:
When do wisdom teeth appear: |
During or after late teens
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What is the main substance of the tooth:
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dentin (a calcified substance harder than bone)
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what does the soft pulp in the tooth contain:
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blood vessels and nerves
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the cum
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gingiva
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Enamel is:
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the hardest substance in the body
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Oral Cavity:
the roots of the tooth are covered with: |
Cementum ( a rigid connective tissue)
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Pharynx:
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the throat
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Oropharynx:
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oral part of the pharynx
visisble part when mouth opened/toungue depressed extends upward into the nasal cavity (nasopharnyx) downward into the larnyx (larygeal pharnyx) |
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Palatine tonsils
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visible on either side of the oropharynx
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Oral cavity:
Soft palate: |
tissue tht forms the posterior roof of the oral cavity
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Oral cavity:
Uvula |
a hanging, soft, fleshy V-shaped mass
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Bolus
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food
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Oral Cavity:
the roots of the tooth are covered with: |
Cementum ( a rigid connective tissue)
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Soft palate and uvula are raised when swollowing to prevent:
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food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity
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Pharynx:
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the throat
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The tongue is raised when swollowing to:
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seal the oral cavity.
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Oropharynx:
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oral part of the pharynx
visisble part when mouth opened/toungue depressed extends upward into the nasal cavity (nasopharnyx) downward into the larnyx (larygeal pharnyx) |
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The trachea is guarded during swollowing by:
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the epiglottis ( a leaf shaped cartilage)
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Palatine tonsils
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visible on either side of the oropharynx
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Oral cavity:
Soft palate: |
tissue tht forms the posterior roof of the oral cavity
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Oral cavity:
Uvula |
a hanging, soft, fleshy V-shaped mass
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Bolus
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food
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Soft palate and uvula are raised when swollowing to prevent:
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food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity
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The tongue is raised when swollowing to:
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seal the oral cavity.
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The trachea is guarded during swollowing by:
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the epiglottis ( a leaf shaped cartilage)
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Oral Cavity:
the roots of the tooth are covered with: |
Cementum ( a rigid connective tissue)
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Pharynx:
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the throat
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Oropharynx:
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oral part of the pharynx
visisble part when mouth opened/toungue depressed extends upward into the nasal cavity (nasopharnyx) downward into the larnyx (larygeal pharnyx) |
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Palatine tonsils
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visible on either side of the oropharynx
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Oral cavity:
Soft palate: |
tissue tht forms the posterior roof of the oral cavity
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Oral cavity:
Uvula |
a hanging, soft, fleshy V-shaped mass
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Bolus
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food
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Oral Cavity:
the roots of the tooth are covered with: |
Cementum ( a rigid connective tissue)
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Soft palate and uvula are raised when swollowing to prevent:
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food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity
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Oral Cavity:
the roots of the tooth are covered with: |
Cementum ( a rigid connective tissue)
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Pharynx:
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the throat
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The tongue is raised when swollowing to:
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seal the oral cavity.
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Pharynx:
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the throat
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Oropharynx:
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oral part of the pharynx
visisble part when mouth opened/toungue depressed extends upward into the nasal cavity (nasopharnyx) downward into the larnyx (larygeal pharnyx) |
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The trachea is guarded during swollowing by:
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the epiglottis ( a leaf shaped cartilage)
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Oropharynx:
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oral part of the pharynx
visisble part when mouth opened/toungue depressed extends upward into the nasal cavity (nasopharnyx) downward into the larnyx (larygeal pharnyx) |
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Palatine tonsils
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visible on either side of the oropharynx
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Palatine tonsils
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visible on either side of the oropharynx
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Oral cavity:
Soft palate: |
tissue tht forms the posterior roof of the oral cavity
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Oral cavity:
Soft palate: |
tissue tht forms the posterior roof of the oral cavity
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Oral cavity:
Uvula |
a hanging, soft, fleshy V-shaped mass
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Oral cavity:
Uvula |
a hanging, soft, fleshy V-shaped mass
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Bolus
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food
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Bolus
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food
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Soft palate and uvula are raised when swollowing to prevent:
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food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity
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Soft palate and uvula are raised when swollowing to prevent:
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food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity
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The tongue is raised when swollowing to:
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seal the oral cavity.
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The tongue is raised when swollowing to:
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seal the oral cavity.
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The trachea is guarded during swollowing by:
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the epiglottis ( a leaf shaped cartilage)
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The trachea is guarded during swollowing by:
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the epiglottis ( a leaf shaped cartilage)
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Esophogus
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muscular tube
mucous lubricates food food is moved by peristalsis into the stomach |
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Esphogus must travel through and opening in what and is called what:
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1. diaphram
2. esophoageal hiatus |
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Hiatal hernia:
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a weakness in the diaphram where the esophogus passes through it
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The stomach:
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a J shaped organ
superior left region of the abdominal cavity |
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The left facing arch of the stomach is called:
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the greater curvature
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The righ facing arch of the stomach is called:
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the lesser curvature
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The superior rounded portion of the stomach under the left side of the diaphram is called:
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the fundus
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A Sphincter
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a muscular ring that regulates the size of an opening
there are (2) sphincters: Lower esophageal (LES) or cardiac sphincter Pyloric sphincter |
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Lower esophageal sphincter (LES):
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Separates the esophogus from the region of the stomach that is close to the heart
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Pyloric sphincter
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betwen the far end of the stomach and the small intstine
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Pylorus
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regulates how fast food moves into the small intestine
the region of the stomach leading into the pyloric sphincter |
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Functions of the stomach:
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storage pouch
digestive organ churn special cells in the lining mix to form gastric juices (hydrochloric acid, pepsin) some cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from digestive secretions - the stomach can hold 1/2 galon of food/liquid |
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Hydrochloric acid (HCI):
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strong acid
breaks down proteins/foreign organisms |
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Pepsin
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protein digesting enzyme produced in inactive form
activated when food enters the stomach and HCI is produced |
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Chyme (juice)
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highly acidic
semiliquid mixture of gastric juice and food leaves the stomach and enters teh small intestine |
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Small Intestine:
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the longest part of the digestive tract
smaller in diameter (1") |
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Parts of the Small Intestine:
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1. Duodenum (10")
2. Jejunum (2/5) 3. Ileum (remainder) |
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Duodenal Mucosa /Submcosa contain glands that:
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- secrete large amounts of mucus to protect the small intestine from chyme (strongly acidic)
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Mucosa cells of the small intestine also secrete:
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enzymes that digest:
proteins carbohydrates |
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Where do the digestive juices entering the small intestine through a small opening in the deodunum come from:
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- liver
- pancreas |
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Where does most of the digestion take place:
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The small intestine
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Where does most of the absorption of the digested food, water and minerals take place:
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Through the walls of the small intestine
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To increase the organs surface for absorption purposes the mucosa is formed into:
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villi (millions of fingerlike projections) which give the inner surface a velvet like appearance
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Microvilli
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epithelial cells of the billi that have small projecting folds of the plasma membrane
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Each villi contains blood vessels through which most digestion products are:
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absorbed into the blood
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Each villus contains specialized lymphatic capillary called:
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Lacteal
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Lacteal
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through which fats are absorbed into the lymph
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The Large Intestine:
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2.5" wide
1.5 meters long |
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The large intestines outer longitudinal muscle fibers in its wall form 3 separate surface bands called:
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Teniae Coli
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Teniae Coli do what to give the large intestine its appearance:
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draw up the organs wall to give it a pucker appearance
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What are the 3 divisions of the small intestine:
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1. Deodunum
2. Jejunum 3. Ileum |
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The large intestine begins in the :
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lower right region of the abdomen
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Divisions of the Large Intestine:
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First part of the Lrg intestine: Cecum (a small pouch)
2nd part of the Lrg intestine: Assending colon (along the right side of the abdomen toward the liver) Bends at the Colic (heptic) flexture and extends across the abdomen as the "Transverse Colon" It bends again at the left Colic (spenic) flexture and extends inferiorly on the left side of the abdomen into the pelvis forming the "Descending Colon" The distal portion bends backward into an S shape forming the "Sigmoid Colon" which continues down to empty into the rectum |
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Ileocecal valve:
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a sphincter that prevents food from traveling backward into the small intestine
located between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum |
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Vermiform appendix (wormlike):
Usually just APPENDIX |
a small blind tube containing lymphoid tissue
attached to the cecum |
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Rectum
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a temporary storage area for indigestible or noabsorbable food residue
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Anal canal
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a narrow terminal portion of the large intesting that leads to the outside through an opening called the anus
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Anus
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an opening in the anal canal though which feces exit
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The large intestines secrete a large amount of :
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mucus but no enzymes
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Tinaie coli
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The large intestines outer longitudinal muscle fibers in its wall that form 3 separate surface bands
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Food is not digested in this organ:
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The large intestine
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The large intestine does what:
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Reabsorbes water
Stores undigestable food which is formed into solid waste (feces) |
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Feces is eliminated from the body by a process called:
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defecation
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Wht provides voluntary control over defectaion?
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an anal sphincter
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What happens to food that is stored in the large intestine:
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bacteria that live in the colon act to produce vitamin K and some of the B complex vitamins
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What do accessory organs release:
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secretions into the digestive tract through ducts
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the salivary glands deliver their secretions into the:
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mouth
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How are all other secretions released from accessory organs released:
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Into the duodenum
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While food is in the mouth it is mixed with:
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saliva (moistens food and facilitates mastication and deglutination)
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Bacteria that live in the large intestine produce what from the food that is stored in it:
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Vitamin K
B-Complex vitamins |
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Saliva helps:
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- keep teeth and mouth clean
- reduce bacterial growth because it contains some antibodies and an enzyme (lysozyme) |
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Salavary amylase (contained in the saliva)
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begins the digestive process by converting starch into sugar
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Saliva is manufactured by (3) pairs of glands:
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Parotid Glands -
Largest of the group Located inferior/anterior to the ear Submandibular (submaxilary) - Located near the lower jaw Sublingual Glands - Under the tongue |
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The liver (hepat)
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the body's largest glandular organ
superior right portion of the abdominal cavity under the dome of the diaphram |
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The liver is supplied with blood by two vessels:
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- the portal vein
- hepatic artery the vessels deliver about 1.5 quarts (1.6L) of blood every minute |
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The hepatic artery carries:
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Oxygenated blood
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The Venus portal system carries:
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Blood that is rich in digestive end products
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The liver affects:
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- blood
- metabolism - blood composition - elimination of waste |
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Major functions of the liver:
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1. Manufactures bile
2. Stores glucose in the form of glycogen 3. Converts glycogen into glucose 4. Modifications of fats 5. Storae of some vitamins/iron 6. Formation of blood plasma proteins (albumin, globulins and clotting factors) 7. Destruction of old red blood cells 8. Synthesis of urea 9. Detoxification |
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When blood sugars fall below normal, liver cells:
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convert glycogen to glucose and releases it into the blood stream to restore normal blood sugar concentration
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Bilirubin is a byproduct of:
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the breakdown and elimination fo red blood cells
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Bilirubin is a:
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pigment
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Urea:
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a waste product of metabolism
released into the blood and transported to the kidneys for elimination |
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detoxification
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the removal of poisonous properties / harmful substances
- examples: alcohol and certain drugs |
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What is the livers main digestive function:
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the production of bile (substance needed for the processing of fats)
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The salts in fat act like a detergent to:
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emulsify fat (break up fat into small droplets more easily affected by digestive enzymes)
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Bile also aids:
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fat absorption from the small intestine
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Bile leaves the lobes of the liver by (2) ducts that merge to form:
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The common hepatic duct
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The Common Hepatic Duct collects bile from the:
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Gallbladder and delivers it to the Duodenum
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The Gallbladder is a:
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muscular sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores bile
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How often does the liver manufacture bile:
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CONTINOUSLY
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How often does the body need bile each day:
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only a few times
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Bile from the liver flows into the heptic ducts then to the:
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Cystic Duct (connected with the gallbladder)
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When chyme enters the duodenum, the galbladder contracts, squeezing bile through the:
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Cystic duct and into the common bile duct, leading to the duodenum.
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What does the Gallbladder do:
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stores bile
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The pancreas
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a long gland that edxtends from the duodenum to the spleen
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Pancreas produces:
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enxymes that digest fats, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
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Pancreas also release large amounts of:
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sodium bicarbonate (alkaline/basic fluid) that nuetralizes the acidic chyme in small intest. protecting the lining of the digestive tract
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The pacreas also functions as the endocrine gland, producing the hormones:
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insulin and glucagon that regulate sugar metabolism
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Digestion requires:
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enzymes
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Enzymes are:
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catalysts
substances that speed up the rate of chemical reactions but are not changed or used up in the conversion |
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Enzymens are:
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proteins
highly specific to their actions |
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The enzyme, Amylase:
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Carbohydrate-digesting enzyme that only splits the starch into double sugar
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Peptides
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small units of protein
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Hydrolysis:
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spitting by means of water
water is added to nutrient molecules as they are split by enzymes |
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How much water is secreted into the digestive tract daily:
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7 liters
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How much fluid is taken in by food and drink daily:
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about 2 liters
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Water is used to:
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produce digestive juices
to dilute food (move more easily through the digestive tract) in the chemicl process of digestion |
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Salivary amylase initiates the digestive process by:
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changing some of the srarches into sugar
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When food reaches the stomach it is acted upon by gastric juices containing:
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hydrochloric acid (HCI)
enzymes |
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Hydrochloric acid breaks down:
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proteins and prepares them for digestion
activates the enzyme: pepsin |
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Pepsin is secreted by:
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gastric cells in the inactive form
once activate by HCI, works to digest protein |
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Lipase is secreted by:
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the stomach
a fat enzyme |
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What is the name of the first part of the small intestine
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Duodenum
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Lipase:
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Highly activated pancreatic enzyme digests fats
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Bile:
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divides fat into tiny particles
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With the help of pancreatic lipase, fats are usually broken down into (2) simpler compounds:
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fatty acids
glycerol (glycerin) |
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If pacreatic lipase is absent:
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fats are expelled with the fecesin undigested form
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Amylase enzyme changes:
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starch into sugar
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Trypsin enzyme splits:
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proteins into amino acids which are small enough to be absorbed through the intestine
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Nucleases enzyme digests:
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the nucleic acids of DNA and RNA
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IMPORTANT NOTE:
MOST DIGESTION OCCURS IN: |
THE SMALL INTESTINE UNDER THE ACTION OF THE PANCREATIC JUICES
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Pancreatic juices have the ability to:
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break down all types of foods
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What happens when pancreatic juices are absent:
|
serious digestive disturbances always occur.
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4 Layers of the Digestive Tract:
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1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa 3. Smooth Muscle 4. Serosa |
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Mucosa
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(epithelium) responsible for chemical digestion and absorption
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Submucosa
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(connective tissues) conatins blood vessels and helps regulate digestive activity
|
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Smooth muscle
|
responsible for perstalsis
|
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Serosa
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(connective tissue) forms the visceral peritoneum
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The path of a bolus of food:
|
Mouth, pharynx, esophogus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
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The largest glanduar organ:
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The liver
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The Funtions of the Liver:
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Bile production
Glucose storage (glycogen) Fat modification Vitamin and iron storage Plasma protein production Red Blood Cell recycling |
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The muscular sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores and concentrates bile:
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The gallbladder
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The long gland that extends from the duodenum to the spleen:
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the pancreas
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Bile and pancreatic juice are delivered to the small intestine by a common connection to the duodenum
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Common bile duct
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Cystic duct comes from the:
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gallbladder
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Common hepatic (LFT, RT) come from the:
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liver
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the Common hepatic duct and the cystic duct form the:
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Common bile duct
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Fats and lipid-soluable vitamins are absorbed into the lymph by:
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lacteal
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Hormones that regulate digestion are:
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Gastrin
GIP Secretin CCI |
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Inflammatory bowel disease
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Chrones Disease
Ulcerative colitis |
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Volvus
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twisting of the bowel - can be fatal
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Intussussception
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when part of the bowel slips into a part below it
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Hepatitis may be caused by:
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Drugs, alcohol, or viral infection
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