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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Membrane can regulate |
Substances that pass through protein (can be available or unavailable) Not lipids |
|
Why do lipid molecules in a membrane stick together |
Surrounded by water |
|
Path of glucose after eating |
Out of blood, into interstitial fluid, into cytosol to be converted to ATP |
|
Cytosol |
Fluid environment inside the cell |
|
Extra cellular fluid composition |
Interstitial fluid Composition is like a buffer with blood vessels. Systematics by glow of blood |
|
Concentration of O2 and CO2 in interstitial fluid |
Always needs to have high O2 and low CO2 |
|
What needs to be regulated in interstitial fluid |
Concentration of energy-rich molecules, O2 and CO2, waste products, pH, water, salt, other electrolytes, temperature, pressure |
|
What determines functionality |
Different proteins on membrane |
|
Integral proteins |
Have hydrophobic regions of amino acids that penetrate or entirely cross phospholipid bilayer |
|
Peripheral proteins |
Only on one side of membrane |
|
Important that cell is what kind of system |
Open. If can't exchange, waste builds up and don't get nutrients |
|
What do all cells have in common |
Organelles, plasma membrane |
|
Neurons special in |
Electrical communication |
|
Muscle cells function in |
Contraction |
|
Epithelial function in |
Protection |
|
Different shape means |
Different functions, different proteins |
|
3 categories of cells |
Facilitate activity of neighbor cells Pathways |
|
Gap junctions facilitate |
communication between cells material exchange Brain and heart for synchronicity |
|
Where are each junctions found |
Desmosomes- skin and muscle Gap - synchrony heart and brain Tight- digestive and excretory |
|
Junctions |
Proteins that Anchor neighboring membranes together |
|
Desmosomes |
Resist pull and push |
|
Substances that move through lipid portion of membrane |
Cannot be regulated |
|
Connexon |
Group of 6 proteins. Each protein is a connexin |
|
Paracellular pathways |
Don't want this (in between cells) |
|
Trans cellular |
Regulating, through the cell |
|
Gap junction |
Openings Facilitating communication and exchange 12 proteins (connexins) 6 make a connexon In heart and brain |
|
What can move through gap junctions |
Small ions can move through and some large |
|
Moves through lipid of membrane |
Oxygen, CO2, water, any lipid soluble molecule |
|
What's example that moves through lipid portion of membrane? |
Steroids |
|
Diffusion |
High concentration to low Lipid or channels |
|
How does solute disperse |
Uniformly |
|
Solvent in bio |
Always water |
|
Fluid between cells |
Interstitial fluid |
|
Passive transport |
Diffusion across lipid or proteins |
|
Water can diffuse via |
Lipid bilayer and aquaporins (channels) |
|
Osmosis |
Diffusion of water across membrane |
|
Isotonic |
Equal concentration inside and out |
|
Kidneys keep blood |
Isotonic |
|
How do ions move in cells |
Charged so can't go through lipids. Need channels Diffusion |
|
Diffusion |
Channels and lipids |
|
Ion channels |
Quaternary protein with pore Open and close with stimulus Not always open |
|
Ion channel hating mechanisms |
Voltage gated, stretch, phosphorylation, ligand |
|
Voltage gated |
Ion charge difference Neurons and muscles |
|
Composition of interstitial fluid |
Determined what can and can't move out of cell |
|
Stretch gated |
Change in shape of membrane Mechanical |
|
Phosphorylation gated |
Chemical modification. PO4 bonds to channel |
|
Ligand gated |
Receptors. Neurotransmitter acceptors Excitable cells Eg ACh |
|
Channel properties |
Quaternary structures Facilitate diffusion Specific amino acid sequence etc |
|
Mediated transport |
Large ion solute. Binds to protein before coming in Could be facilitated (passive, no energy Could be active (transporters, needs energy) |
|
Carriers are slower because |
There's an extra step and can become saturated |
|
Glucose can enter via |
Facilitated diffusion (through glut protein) or co transport |
|
Active transport can be |
Uniport Symport Antiport Requires energy (ATP or chemical) |
|
Primary active transport |
Require energy in ATP Pumps |
|
Na/K pump |
2 K+ in, 3 Na+ out Active primary transport, requires energy |
|
Head of phospholipid |
Choline, phosphate, glycerol |
|
Secondary active transport |
Does not use ATP (directly) Use chemical gradient of one ion to move another, symport Uses chemical energy Indirect: relies on low sodium by pump |
|
Sodium glucose co transporter |
In digestive system, symport, chemical energy, secondary active transport |
|
Contents in exocytosis vessicles |
Wastes, enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters |
|
Types of endocytosis |
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis |
|
Where are co transporters |
Nephrons of kidneys and cells of digestive system Hold on to as much glucose as possible |
|
All transport is limited by |
Size of substance |
|
What if very large protein |
Endocytosis and exocytosis Binds to membrane. Pinches and surrounds vesicle |
|
Only transport that doesn't require energy |
Diffusion |
|
Extra cellular receptor |
Not active. Waiting for substance to bind to it |
|
G protein |
Extra cellular receptor. Has subunits. Hormone binds bc can't fit. Alpha translocates. Interacts with adenelyl cyclase. Converts ATP to cAMP cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) PKA phosphorylate to other proteins in the cell bringing a cellular response
Carries message in cell |
|
Tail of phospholipid |
Fatty acids |
|
Extra cellular fast but |
Only works locally |
|
Steroids/hormones slow but |
Huge changes |
|
Monomers of carbs |
Glucose |
|
Monomers of lipids |
Fatty acids |
|
Very important to regulate sodium bc |
Charge gradient = PE |
|
How many types of cells |
200 |
|
Important that cell is what kind of system |
Open. If can't exchange, waste builds up and don't get nutrients |
|
What do all cells have in common |
Organelles, plasma membrane |
|
Neurons special in |
Electrical communication |
|
Muscle cells function in |
Contraction |
|
Epithelial function in |
Protection |
|
Different shape means |
Different functions, different proteins |
|
3 categories of cells |
Facilitate activity of neighbor cells Pathways |
|
Gap junctions facilitate |
communication between cells material exchange Brain and heart for synchronicity |
|
Where are each junctions found |
Desmosomes- skin and muscle Gap - synchrony heart and brain Tight- digestive and excretory |
|
Junctions |
Proteins that Anchor neighboring membranes together |
|
Desmosomes |
Resist pull and push |
|
Substances that move through lipid portion of membrane |
Cannot be regulated |
|
Connexon |
Group of 6 proteins. Each protein is a connexin |
|
Paracellular pathways |
Don't want this (in between cells) |
|
Trans cellular |
Regulating, through the cell |
|
Gap junction |
Openings Facilitating communication and exchange 12 proteins (connexins) 6 make a connexon In heart and brain |
|
What can move through gap junctions |
Small ions can move through and some large |
|
Moves through lipid of membrane |
Oxygen, CO2, water, any lipid soluble molecule |
|
What's example that moves through lipid portion of membrane? |
Steroids |
|
Diffusion |
High concentration to low Lipid or channels |
|
How does solute disperse |
Uniformly |
|
Solvent in bio |
Always water |
|
Fluid between cells |
Interstitial fluid |
|
Passive transport |
Diffusion across lipid or proteins |
|
Water can diffuse via |
Lipid bilayer and aquaporins (channels) |
|
Osmosis |
Diffusion of water across membrane |
|
Isotonic |
Equal concentration inside and out |
|
Kidneys keep blood |
Isotonic |
|
How do ions move in cells |
Charged so can't go through lipids. Need channels Diffusion |
|
Diffusion |
Channels and lipids |
|
Ion channels |
Quaternary protein with pore Open and close with stimulus Not always open |
|
Ion channel hating mechanisms |
Voltage gated, stretch, phosphorylation, ligand |
|
Voltage gated |
Ion charge difference Neurons and muscles |
|
Composition of interstitial fluid |
Determined what can and can't move out of cell |
|
Stretch gated |
Change in shape of membrane Mechanical |
|
Phosphorylation gated |
Chemical modification. PO4 bonds to channel |
|
Ligand gated |
Receptors. Neurotransmitter acceptors Excitable cells Eg ACh |
|
Channel properties |
Quaternary structures Facilitate diffusion Specific amino acid sequence etc |
|
Ion channel gating mechanisms |
Voltage gated, stretch, phosphorylation, ligand |
|
Carriers are slower because |
There's an extra step and can become saturated |
|
Glucose can enter via |
Facilitated diffusion (through glut protein) or co transport |
|
Active transport can be |
Uniport Symport Antiport Requires energy (ATP or chemical) |
|
Primary active transport |
Require energy in ATP Pumps |
|
Na/K pump |
2 K+ in, 3 Na+ out Active primary transport, requires energy |
|
Head of phospholipid |
Choline, phosphate, glycerol |
|
Secondary active transport |
Does not use ATP (directly) Use chemical gradient of one ion to move another, symport Uses chemical energy Indirect: relies on low sodium by pump |
|
Sodium glucose co transporter |
In digestive system, symport, chemical energy, secondary active transport |
|
Contents in exocytosis vessicles |
Wastes, enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters |
|
Types of endocytosis |
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis |
|
Where are co transporters |
Nephrons of kidneys and cells of digestive system Hold on to as much glucose as possible |
|
All transport is limited by |
Size of substance |
|
What if very large protein |
Endocytosis and exocytosis Binds to membrane. Pinches and surrounds vesicle |
|
Only transport that doesn't require energy |
Diffusion |
|
Extra cellular receptor |
Not active. Waiting for substance to bind to it |
|
G protein |
Extra cellular receptor. Has subunits. Hormone binds bc can't fit. Alpha translocates. Interacts with adenelyl cyclase. Converts ATP to cAMP cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) PKA phosphorylate to other proteins in the cell bringing a cellular response
Carries message in cell |
|
Tail of phospholipid |
Fatty acids |
|
Extra cellular fast but |
Only works locally |
|
Steroids/hormones slow but |
Huge changes |
|
Hormones made of |
Steroid or proteins |
|
Monomers of carbs |
Glucose |
|
Monomers of lipids |
Fatty acids |
|
Very important to regulate sodium bc |
Charge gradient = PE |
|
Hormones made of |
Steroid or proteins (peptides) |
|
Peptide hormone works by |
Extra cellular receptor Quick but local changes |
|
Steroid hormone works by |
Diffuse through membrane Drastic changes, slow |