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137 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Membrane can regulate

Substances that pass through protein (can be available or unavailable)


Not lipids

Why do lipid molecules in a membrane stick together

Surrounded by water

Path of glucose after eating

Out of blood, into interstitial fluid, into cytosol to be converted to ATP

Cytosol

Fluid environment inside the cell

Extra cellular fluid composition

Interstitial fluid


Composition is like a buffer with blood vessels. Systematics by glow of blood

Concentration of O2 and CO2 in interstitial fluid

Always needs to have high O2 and low CO2

What needs to be regulated in interstitial fluid

Concentration of energy-rich molecules, O2 and CO2, waste products, pH, water, salt, other electrolytes, temperature, pressure

What determines functionality

Different proteins on membrane

Integral proteins

Have hydrophobic regions of amino acids that penetrate or entirely cross phospholipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins

Only on one side of membrane

Important that cell is what kind of system

Open. If can't exchange, waste builds up and don't get nutrients

What do all cells have in common

Organelles, plasma membrane

Neurons special in

Electrical communication

Muscle cells function in

Contraction

Epithelial function in

Protection

Different shape means

Different functions, different proteins

3 categories of cells

Facilitate activity of neighbor cells


Pathways

Gap junctions facilitate

communication between cells material exchange


Brain and heart for synchronicity

Where are each junctions found

Desmosomes- skin and muscle


Gap - synchrony heart and brain


Tight- digestive and excretory

Junctions

Proteins that Anchor neighboring membranes together

Desmosomes

Resist pull and push

Substances that move through lipid portion of membrane

Cannot be regulated

Connexon

Group of 6 proteins. Each protein is a connexin

Paracellular pathways

Don't want this (in between cells)

Trans cellular

Regulating, through the cell

Gap junction

Openings


Facilitating communication and exchange


12 proteins (connexins) 6 make a connexon


In heart and brain

What can move through gap junctions

Small ions can move through and some large

Moves through lipid of membrane

Oxygen, CO2, water, any lipid soluble molecule

What's example that moves through lipid portion of membrane?

Steroids

Diffusion

High concentration to low


Lipid or channels

How does solute disperse

Uniformly

Solvent in bio

Always water

Fluid between cells

Interstitial fluid

Passive transport

Diffusion across lipid or proteins

Water can diffuse via

Lipid bilayer and aquaporins (channels)

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across membrane

Isotonic

Equal concentration inside and out

Kidneys keep blood

Isotonic

How do ions move in cells

Charged so can't go through lipids. Need channels


Diffusion

Diffusion

Channels and lipids

Ion channels

Quaternary protein with pore


Open and close with stimulus


Not always open

Ion channel hating mechanisms

Voltage gated, stretch, phosphorylation, ligand

Voltage gated

Ion charge difference


Neurons and muscles

Composition of interstitial fluid

Determined what can and can't move out of cell

Stretch gated

Change in shape of membrane


Mechanical

Phosphorylation gated

Chemical modification. PO4 bonds to channel

Ligand gated

Receptors. Neurotransmitter acceptors


Excitable cells


Eg ACh

Channel properties

Quaternary structures


Facilitate diffusion


Specific amino acid sequence etc

Mediated transport

Large ion solute. Binds to protein before coming in


Could be facilitated (passive, no energy


Could be active (transporters, needs energy)

Carriers are slower because

There's an extra step and can become saturated

Glucose can enter via

Facilitated diffusion (through glut protein) or co transport

Active transport can be

Uniport


Symport


Antiport


Requires energy (ATP or chemical)

Primary active transport

Require energy in ATP


Pumps

Na/K pump

2 K+ in, 3 Na+ out


Active primary transport, requires energy

Head of phospholipid

Choline, phosphate, glycerol

Secondary active transport

Does not use ATP (directly)


Use chemical gradient of one ion to move another, symport


Uses chemical energy


Indirect: relies on low sodium by pump

Sodium glucose co transporter

In digestive system, symport, chemical energy, secondary active transport

Contents in exocytosis vessicles

Wastes, enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters

Types of endocytosis

Phagocytosis


Pinocytosis

Where are co transporters

Nephrons of kidneys and cells of digestive system


Hold on to as much glucose as possible

All transport is limited by

Size of substance

What if very large protein

Endocytosis and exocytosis


Binds to membrane. Pinches and surrounds vesicle

Only transport that doesn't require energy

Diffusion

Extra cellular receptor

Not active. Waiting for substance to bind to it

G protein

Extra cellular receptor.


Has subunits.


Hormone binds bc can't fit.


Alpha translocates. Interacts with adenelyl cyclase. Converts ATP to cAMP


cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA)


PKA phosphorylate to other proteins in the cell bringing a cellular response



Carries message in cell

Tail of phospholipid

Fatty acids

Extra cellular fast but

Only works locally

Steroids/hormones slow but

Huge changes

Monomers of carbs

Glucose

Monomers of lipids

Fatty acids

Very important to regulate sodium bc

Charge gradient = PE

How many types of cells

200

Important that cell is what kind of system

Open. If can't exchange, waste builds up and don't get nutrients

What do all cells have in common

Organelles, plasma membrane

Neurons special in

Electrical communication

Muscle cells function in

Contraction

Epithelial function in

Protection

Different shape means

Different functions, different proteins

3 categories of cells

Facilitate activity of neighbor cells


Pathways

Gap junctions facilitate

communication between cells material exchange


Brain and heart for synchronicity

Where are each junctions found

Desmosomes- skin and muscle


Gap - synchrony heart and brain


Tight- digestive and excretory

Junctions

Proteins that Anchor neighboring membranes together

Desmosomes

Resist pull and push

Substances that move through lipid portion of membrane

Cannot be regulated

Connexon

Group of 6 proteins. Each protein is a connexin

Paracellular pathways

Don't want this (in between cells)

Trans cellular

Regulating, through the cell

Gap junction

Openings


Facilitating communication and exchange


12 proteins (connexins) 6 make a connexon


In heart and brain

What can move through gap junctions

Small ions can move through and some large

Moves through lipid of membrane

Oxygen, CO2, water, any lipid soluble molecule

What's example that moves through lipid portion of membrane?

Steroids

Diffusion

High concentration to low


Lipid or channels

How does solute disperse

Uniformly

Solvent in bio

Always water

Fluid between cells

Interstitial fluid

Passive transport

Diffusion across lipid or proteins

Water can diffuse via

Lipid bilayer and aquaporins (channels)

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across membrane

Isotonic

Equal concentration inside and out

Kidneys keep blood

Isotonic

How do ions move in cells

Charged so can't go through lipids. Need channels


Diffusion

Diffusion

Channels and lipids

Ion channels

Quaternary protein with pore


Open and close with stimulus


Not always open

Ion channel hating mechanisms

Voltage gated, stretch, phosphorylation, ligand

Voltage gated

Ion charge difference


Neurons and muscles

Composition of interstitial fluid

Determined what can and can't move out of cell

Stretch gated

Change in shape of membrane


Mechanical

Phosphorylation gated

Chemical modification. PO4 bonds to channel

Ligand gated

Receptors. Neurotransmitter acceptors


Excitable cells


Eg ACh

Channel properties

Quaternary structures


Facilitate diffusion


Specific amino acid sequence etc

Ion channel gating mechanisms

Voltage gated, stretch, phosphorylation, ligand

Carriers are slower because

There's an extra step and can become saturated

Glucose can enter via

Facilitated diffusion (through glut protein) or co transport

Active transport can be

Uniport


Symport


Antiport


Requires energy (ATP or chemical)

Primary active transport

Require energy in ATP


Pumps

Na/K pump

2 K+ in, 3 Na+ out


Active primary transport, requires energy

Head of phospholipid

Choline, phosphate, glycerol

Secondary active transport

Does not use ATP (directly)


Use chemical gradient of one ion to move another, symport


Uses chemical energy


Indirect: relies on low sodium by pump

Sodium glucose co transporter

In digestive system, symport, chemical energy, secondary active transport

Contents in exocytosis vessicles

Wastes, enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters

Types of endocytosis

Phagocytosis


Pinocytosis

Where are co transporters

Nephrons of kidneys and cells of digestive system


Hold on to as much glucose as possible

All transport is limited by

Size of substance

What if very large protein

Endocytosis and exocytosis


Binds to membrane. Pinches and surrounds vesicle

Only transport that doesn't require energy

Diffusion

Extra cellular receptor

Not active. Waiting for substance to bind to it

G protein

Extra cellular receptor.


Has subunits.


Hormone binds bc can't fit.


Alpha translocates. Interacts with adenelyl cyclase. Converts ATP to cAMP


cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA)


PKA phosphorylate to other proteins in the cell bringing a cellular response



Carries message in cell

Tail of phospholipid

Fatty acids

Extra cellular fast but

Only works locally

Steroids/hormones slow but

Huge changes

Hormones made of

Steroid or proteins

Monomers of carbs

Glucose

Monomers of lipids

Fatty acids

Very important to regulate sodium bc

Charge gradient = PE

Hormones made of

Steroid or proteins (peptides)

Peptide hormone works by

Extra cellular receptor


Quick but local changes

Steroid hormone works by

Diffuse through membrane


Drastic changes, slow