Mem & Cog 1

Front 1

Behaviorism

Back 1

early approach that eschewed study of consciousness in favor of a scientific analysis of overt behavior

Front 2

Cognitive psych

Back 2

scientific study of mental processes

Front 3

cognitive science & included disciplines

Back 3

effort to understand the mind; cog psych, philosophy, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropol.

Front 4

connectionism / parallel distributed processing

Back 4

model using brain based metaphor to describe cognitive processes in terms of complex and interconnected networks of individual processing units that operate in parallel.

Front 5

dualism / descartes

Back 5

the belief that mind and body operate separately (mind & brain are separate)

Front 6

ecological validity

Back 6

extent to which research results can be related to everyday situations

Front 7

embodied cognition

{thinking<->action}

Back 7

a constellation of ideas emphasizing the belief that thinking is dynamic & occurs in conjunction with action & within a broader context that guides and shapes it.

Front 8

Forgetting curve / memory loss v. time

Back 8

a fn relating memory to time passage. most memory loss occurs shortly after studying & slows down from there on.

Front 9

Functionalism

Back 9

Early approach to study of consciousness that emphasized discovery of basic uses of consciousness & how it helps us to ADAPT in daily life.

Front 10

Gestalt approach

xxxx
xxxx
xxxx

Back 10

early approach to study of consciousness that emphasized inherent organization tendencies of the mind.

Front 11

Info-processing model

Back 11

descriptive approach likening the processes of the brain to the operation of a computer.

Front 12

introspection

Back 12

rigorous & systematic self-report of basic elements of an experience

Front 13

latent learning

cognitive!!

Back 13

learning that occurs in the absence of any reinforcement

Front 14

Laws of Association

philos. behind psych

Back 14

Principles that underlie the act of relating two ideas or concepts

Front 15

materialism / opposite of dualism

Back 15

View that mind & body are one & the same. Mind is completely accounted for by the brain. (basically the mind doesnt exist on its own)

Front 16

mental map


**maze

Back 16

mental representation of a spatial layout

Front 17

psychophysics

))))))) I )))) brightness, closeness, etc. PERCEPTION,

ex: snapping at a concert, snapping in the library

Back 17

study of relationship between physical properties of a stimulus & properties taken on when stimulus is filtered through a subjective experience.

Front 18

Savings

Back 18

Ebbinghaus; measure of memory; reduction of learning trials needed to retain information based on previous learning trials

Front 19

S-R Psychology


stimulus-response, reinforcements

Back 19

AKA Behaviorist approach - emphasizes observation of relationships between observable stimuli and responses.

behaviorists - reinforcements produce certain responses which we can predict.

Front 20

structuralism / ELEMENTS

*like CHEM*

Back 20

early approach to study of consciousness emphasizing breaking it down in terms of most elemental components

Front 21

Unconscious inference

Back 21

Implicit assumption made by perceptual systems about some characteristic of an incoming stimulus.

Front 22

Accuracy

Back 22

% of trials on which a subject is correct

Front 23

action potential

Back 23

all or none reaction of a neuron when a stim. meets a threshold

Front 24

between - subjects design

Back 24

experimental design in which different subjects receive each level of the independent variable

Front 25

between - subjects factorial design

Back 25

diff subjects are assigned to each of the experimental groups created by the factorial design

Front 26

carryover effects

Back 26

occur when processing/strategy effects from one condition influence processing in a subsequent condition

Front 27

case studies

Back 27

intensive investigations of a single case or a small number of cases

Front 28

central tendency

Back 28

descriptive measure that give an indication of a typical score

Front 29

cerebral cortex

Back 29

outer shell of the brain that compromises majority of the forebrain and is made up of billions of neurons

Front 30

cog neuroscience

Back 30

interdisciplinary field of study; combo neuro + psych; attempts to relate cognitive processing to its neural substrates

Front 31

confounding variables

Back 31

factors that vary in conjunction with IV

Front 32

dependent variables

Back 32

measured in experiment that are influenced by the IV

Front 33

descriptive stats

Back 33

variables measured in an experiment that are influenced by changes in the iV

Front 34

double-blind procedure

Back 34

prevention strategy for expectancy effects that keep both the partipants and researcher naive as to purposes and particular treatments of the study

Front 35

double dissociation

Back 35

two measures of performance are affected in an opposite fashion by different experimental variables

Front 36

electroencephalograph EEG

Back 36

a brain investigation technique that involves recording summed action potentials through scalp to diff areas of brain

Front 37

Event-related potentials (ERP<-> EEG)

Back 37

changes in the brains electrical activy at crit points that are measured to show the temporal relationship between a stimulus presentation and brain response

Front 38

expectancy effects

Back 38

influence of a subject or experimenter beliefs on results of a study

Front 39

experimental conditions

Back 39

groups being compared in a study; circumstances formed by manipulation of IV

Front 40

experimental context variables

Back 40

varying the nature of the instructions given to subjects or the situaitons in whcih subjects are tested

Front 41

experimental research

Back 41

systematic manipulation and measurement of variables in a controlled setting designed to allow for casual explanations

Front 42

factor

Back 42

synonym for the IV

Front 43

factorial design

Back 43

experimental design THAT INVOLVES completely crossing levels of one IV with levels of all other IV

Front 44

FOREBRAIN

Back 44

LARGEST region, controls higher-level process involved in sensation, emo, thought.

Front 45

functional magnetic resonance imagine

Back 45

FMRI - brain-imaging technique tracing brain activity through use of magnetic detectors sensitive to blood hemoglobin levels

Front 46

________hindbrain

Back 46

region of brain lying at base of the skull and controls basic life functions

Front 47

IV -

Back 47

Manipulated & assumed to cause changes in DV

Front 48

inferential stats

Back 48

stat tests that provide indication that results occurred as a probability of chance

Front 49

interaction

Back 49

occurs when particular influence of one independent variable depends on the level of another IV

Front 50

internal validity

Back 50

degree to which extraneous variables are controlled

Front 51

limbic system

Back 51

system of structures in the lower forebrain that is important in learning, mem, basic emo

Front 52

main effects

Back 52

overall effects of an IV on DV

Front 53

material variables

Back 53

varying nature of the material being processed by subjects

Front 54

metacognition

Back 54

one's awareness of one's own cognitive processing tendencies & abilities

Front 55

midbrain

Back 55

a small brain region dorsal to hindbrain that controls some sensory reactions and relates to overall brain arousal

Front 56

mixed-factorial design

Back 56

involves joint manipulation of at least one between-subjects factor and at least one within-subjects factor

Front 57

n400 Response

Back 57

Pronounced negative deflection in brain's response to a stimulus relative to a baseline condition that occurs approx. 400 ms after onset of stimulus.

Front 58

naturalistic observation

Back 58

watching and recording behavior in a natural setting

Front 59

neuron

Back 59

nerve cell; basic building block of nervous system

Front 60

operational definiton

Back 60

defining a variable in terms of precise, measurable procedures that can be repeated by other researchers

Front 61

p300 resonse

Back 61

pronounced POSITIVE deflectoin in brain's response to a stimulus relative to a baseline condition that occurs approx. 300 ms after onset of the stimulus

Front 62

performance-meaure variables

Back 62

varying the nature of the response measures given to subjects

Front 63

positron-emission topography scan (PET scan) radiooo

here kittykitty on the radio

Back 63

brain-imaging technique that traces brain activity by observing the distribution of an ingested radioactive substance

Front 64

practice effects

Back 64

general improvement in participant performance that occurs over the course of participation

Front 65

Reaction Time RT

Back 65

time taken to respond to a stimulus, usually measured in miliseconds

Front 66

self-report

Back 66

use of interviews or questionnaires to gather subject data

Front 67

single-dissociation

Back 67

occurs when some change influences the operation of one particular process but leave another unaffected

Front 68

single-factor experiment

Back 68

Experiment in which the effects of only one IV are assessed.

Front 69

speed-accuracy trade-off

speed ^ accuracy v
indirect relationship

Back 69

tendency for faster responding to be associated with higher error rates (all other things equal)

Front 70

split-brain patients

Back 70

people who have their corpus callosum split; typically for treatment of epilepsy.

Front 71

statistical significance

Back 71

term used to describe results that are unlikely to have arisen through simple chance variation

Front 72

subject variables

Back 72

varying nature of research subjects (sex, age..)

Front 73

within-subjects design

Back 73

experimental design in which same subjects receive each level of the IV

Front 74

within-subjects factorial

Back 74

factorial design in which the same subjects partake in each of the conditions created by factorial design.

Front 75

access consciousness

Back 75

we manipulate representations in the service of reasoning, communication, behavior

Front 76

attentional capture

TWITTER WHILE STUDYING

Back 76

occasions in which a person's attention is involuntarily drawn to a stimulus

Front 77

attentional set

see lib, attention is motivated

Back 77

strategy or mind-set you have as you attend to a visual scene

Front 78

attenuation theory

Back 78

theory positing an attenuation mech that minimizes but does not eliminate analysis of unattended info; salient or contextual

Front 79

authorship processing

Back 79

set of processes that lead us to attribute events to the entities that are thought to have caused them

Front 80

blindsight

Back 80

neurolog disorder characterized by a lack of visual awareness but the preserved ability to report on some aspects of a stimulus .

Front 81

bottom - up / data-driven


wake up, feel tired
DunkinDoughnuts brings your BOTTOMS UP!

Back 81

identification of a stim. thru assembly of its component features, no prev expectency

Front 82

change detection

Back 82

ability to notice variations in perceptual environment

Front 83

closure

(drawings of triangle)

Back 83

tendency to perceptually complete incomplete objects

Front 84

cocktail party phenomenon

Back 84

tendency to notice highly relevant stimuli presented in an unattended channel

Front 85

common fate

Back 85

tendency to group elements together if they are moving in the same direction or at the same speed

Front 86

common region

Back 86

tendency to group together elements that seem to belong to a common designated area

Front 87

consciousness

Back 87

awareness of internal and external events

Front 88

constructive view

Back 88

perceptual empahsis of the role of active construction and interpretation in arrive at a 3D percept of the world

Front 89

dichotic listening


hearing test

Back 89

simultaneous listening to two different messages, one in each ear

Front 90

direct view

Back 90

perceptual emphasisof the direct pick ip of info from the environment and de emphasizes the role of constructive processes in producing a precept.

Front 91

early selection theory

Back 91

theory positing a sensory processing filter for incoming messages; limitations in attention occur immediately after sensory processing

Front 92

embodied perception

Back 92

view of perception that emphasizes dynamic interaction with the everyday environment

Front 93

figure-ground

Back 93

tendency to segregate visual scenes into a background and an image that superimposes it

Front 94

flicker paradigm

Back 94

procedure used to study change detection in which two slightly different versions of a scene alternate with one another rapidly

Front 95

global precedence

Back 95

tendency to encode overall features of a scene before scene details.

Front 96

good continuation

circles, rectangles

Back 96

tendency to percieve lines as flowing, naturally in a single direction

Front 97

grouping

Back 97

process by which we organize incoming sensations

Front 98

illusion of conscious will

Back 98

often-erroneous belief that our efforts and actions are controlled through consciousness force of thought.

Front 99

inattentional blindness

Back 99

failure to notice obvious changes or events in our visual environment

Front 100

lateralization

Back 100

degree to which particular cognitive processes are localized in the brain

Front 101

late-selection theory

-selection <->response

Back 101

theory of attention positing that selection occurs after all incoming stimuli have been identified; limitations in attention are at the stage of response.

Front 102

mcgurk effect

Back 102

speech perception effect in which visual info conflicts with auditory signals, changing perceived speech sound

Front 103

object-based attention

Back 103

focusing on objects of particular importance or salience

Front 104

objective threshold

Back 104

level of stim energy below which participants report not seeing a stimulus; forced-choice procedures also indicate a lack of awareness

Front 105

percept

Back 105

Coherent rep of an object or even that results from the process of s & p.

Front 106

perceptual set

Back 106

tendency to visually analyze scenes in a particular way

Front 107

phenomenal consciousness

Back 107

subjective awareness of what we are doing

Front 108

priming

Back 108

change in reaction time produced by prior presentation of a stimulus

Front 109

principles of visual organization

principles, simpliples, sensibles

Back 109

followed by perceptual system to organize incoming sensations in a sensible and simple manner

Front 110

proximity

Back 110

tendency for objects that are near one another to be grouped

Front 111

response bias

Back 111

subject's willingness to report a stimulus

Front 112

schema

Back 112

cluster of knowledge about some object/event

Front 113

sensitivity/acuity

Back 113

ability to detect presence or absense

Front 114

SDT SIG DETECTION THEORY

Back 114

Approach to psychophysics - perceptual experience as the joint product of sensitivity and response bias

Front 115

similarity

Back 115

tendency to group similar objects together

Front 116

spatial attention


...walking toward center of campus, focused on the bogie tower

Back 116

focusing on a particular region in space..

Front 117

speech shadowing

Back 117

repeating a message word for word

Front 118

subjective threshold

Back 118

level of stim energy below which subjects report not seeing a stimulus; force-choice procedures indicate some awareness.

Front 119

subliminal perception


pissed kevin alking to me when has a gf

-->extra pissed bc i was that girls position, influence unconsciously

Back 119

purported tendency to be influenced by stimuli presented below level of awareness

Front 120

supraliminal

Back 120

ABOVE threshold of conscious awareness

Front 121

synchrony

Back 121

grouping stimuli that occur at the same time

Front 122

synesthesia

Back 122

experiences in which input from one sensory system produces an experience not only in that modality but in another as well

Front 123

top-down (conceptually driven)

Back 123

identification of a stimulus with prior knowledge or expectations

Front 124

ventriloquist effect

Back 124

occurs when a visual cue that is presented simultaneously with an auditory stimulus biasses the localization of that auditory stim toward the local of the visual cue.