Meiosis / Sexual Life Cycles

Front 1

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Back 1

inheritance/heredity

Front 2

offspring differ somewhat in appearance from parents and siblings

Back 2

variation

Front 3

mitosis for single celled organisms, budding for multicellular. "like begets like"

Back 3

asexual reproduction

Front 4

a genetically identical individual

Back 4

clone

Front 5

2 parents, offspring has a unique combination of genes from the 2 parents

Back 5

sexual reproduction

Front 6

3 names for reproductive cells

Back 6

gametes
sex cells
germ cells

Front 7

process that halves the chromosome number of a cell

Back 7

meiosis

Front 8

union of gametes (2 names)

Back 8

fertilization
syngamy

Front 9

fertilized egg

Back 9

zygote

Front 10

ovaries and testes, collectively

Back 10

gonads

Front 11

after meiosis, how many daughter cells are there?

Back 11

4

Front 12

during anaphase I, what are pulled apart?

Back 12

homologous pairs

Front 13

during anaphase II, what are pulled apart?

Back 13

sister chromatids

Front 14

places where crossing over has occurred

Back 14

chiasmata

Front 15

how old is the earth?

Back 15

4.5 billion years

Front 16

how long ago did life appear?

Back 16

3.8 billion years

Front 17

how long ago did eukaryotes appear?

Back 17

2.7 billion years

Front 18

4 methods of reproduction

Back 18

binary fission
budding
parthenogenesis
sexual reproduction

Front 19

when stem cells develop into unique, specialized cells

Back 19

cell differentiation

Front 20

2 specialized cells-the only ones that can do meiosis

Back 20

oogonium and spermatogonium

Front 21

in plants, where would you find an oogonium?

Back 21

in the ovary

Front 22

in plants, where would you find a spermatogonium?

Back 22

in the anther

Front 23

phase between meiosis I and II where nothing happens

Back 23

interkinesis

Front 24

overall, what does meiosis I do?

Back 24

separate homologous pairs

Front 25

overall, what does meiosis II do?

Back 25

separate sister chromatids

Front 26

process when homologs pair up

Back 26

synapsis

Front 27

term for the 4 chromatids lined up together

Back 27

tetrad

Front 28

homologous pair + protein

Back 28

synaptonemal complex

Front 29

when parts of each homolog exchange genes

Back 29

crossing over/recombination

Front 30

place where crossing over has occurred

Back 30

chiasma (plural chiasmata)

Front 31

during metaphase I, homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate. it's totally random which homolog is on which side of the equator. this random lineup is called ___

Back 31

independent assortment

Front 32

after telophase I and cytokinesis, is each new cell diploid or haploid? duplicated state?

Back 32

in each of the 2 new cells, there are 23 chromosomes in the duplicated state, so they're haploid

Front 33

formula for the number of possible lineups during metaphase I?

Back 33

2 ^ #of pairs

Front 34

chromosomes uncondense, nucleolus reappears, and nuclear membrane re-forms.

is this telophase (mitosis), telophase I, or telophase II?

Back 34

telophase (mitosis) and telophase II

Front 35

true/false?
the spindle from meiosis I is recycled in meiosis II.

Back 35

false-a totally new one is made

Front 36

how does metaphase II compare to metaphase in mitosis?

Back 36

there are half the number of chromosomes lining up.

Front 37

process of making sperm

Back 37

spermatogenesis

Front 38

diploid cell that will become sperm

Back 38

spermatogonium

Front 39

diploid cell that will become egg

Back 39

oogonium

Front 40

in duplicated state, what's the spermatogonium called?

Back 40

primary spermatocyte

Front 41

in males, the 2 cells present after meiosis I and cytokinesis.

Back 41

secondary spermatocytes

Front 42

in males, the 4 cells present after meiosis II and cytokinesis.

Back 42

spermatids

Front 43

after the spermatids grow tails and mature, they are called ___

Back 43

sperm

Front 44

nurse cells

Back 44

sertoli

Front 45

what do sertoli do?

Back 45

take care of sperm until they can function alone

Front 46

haploid/diploid? duplicated?
spermatogonium
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
spermatids
sperm

Back 46

diploid, unduplicated
diploid, duplicated
haploid, duplicated
haploid, unduplicated
haploid, unduplicated

Front 47

oogenesis results in one ovum and three ____

Back 47

polar bodies

Front 48

diploid reproductive cell in females

Back 48

oogonium

Front 49

diploid reproductive cell in males

Back 49

spermatogonium

Front 50

in oogenesis, why is cytokinesis done unevenly?

Back 50

to give more nutrients, water, and cytoplasm to just one ovum.

Front 51

3 places where genes get shuffled

Back 51

1. crossing over
2. independent assortment
3. fertilization

Front 52

3 main parts of sperm

Back 52

head, middle piece, tail

Front 53

what is inside the middle piece of a sperm cell?

Back 53

mitochondria

Front 54

area in head of sperm that contains proteases to break down the egg's outer coat

Back 54

acrosome

Front 55

fingerlike projections on ends of fallopian tubes

Back 55

fimbrae

Front 56

where does fertilization occur?

Back 56

the fallopian tube

Front 57

pregnancy where egg implants itself in the fallopian tube

Back 57

ectopic pregnancy

Front 58

lining of uterus

Back 58

endometrium

Front 59

when does the zygote implant itself in the uterus?

Back 59

around day 8