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45 Cards in this Set

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What is Mitosis

the process in which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus, into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei.[1] It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two daughter cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components
What is cytokinesis
the process whereby the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the late stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a binucleate cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next
What is the cell cycle
is the series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell leading to its replication. These events can be divided in two brief periods: interphase—during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis and duplicating its DNA—and the mitotic (M) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells, often called "daughter cells". The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed.
What happens during Interphase
the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes including preparation for cell division. Interphase is considered to be the 'living' phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients, grows, copies its DNA, and conducts other "normal" cell functions
What is the G1 phase
a period in the cell cycle during interphase, after cytokinesis and before the S phase. For many cells, this phase is the major period of cell growth during its lifespan. During this stage new organelles are being synthesized
What is the G2 phase
the third, final, and usually the shortest subphase during interphase within the cell cycle in which the cell undergoes a period of rapid growth to prepare for mitosis. It follows successful completion of DNA synthesis and chromosomal replication during the S phase, and occurs during a period of often four to five hours. This far into interphase the nucleus is well defined, bound by a nuclear envelope and contains at least one nucleolus. Although chromosomes have been replicated they cannot yet be distinguished individually because they are still in the form of loosely packed chromatin fibers

What is the S phase

short for synthesis phase, is a period in the cell cycle during interphase, between G1 phase and the G2 phase. Following G1, the cell enters the S stage, when DNA synthesis or replication occurs
what is a diploid
have two homologous copies of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father
what is a diploid
have two homologous copies of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father (2n)
what is a haploid
an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes, ordinarily half the normal diploid number (n)
homologous chromosomes are what
chromosomes that occur in matched pairs

what is a sister chromatid

when chromosomes are made up of two strands during interphase
what is a centromere
the centromere region where two chromatids are most closely associated
what is a kinetochore
a plate-like protein structure. the kinetochores of the sister chromatids are attached to the kinetochore microtubules coming from opposite poles.
what is a dyad (bivalent)
a chromosome composed of two chromatids
What happens during prophase
homologous chromosomes come together and synapse (closely apply themselves to each other), pairing along their entire length.
what is a tetrad
four chromatids or two dyads
what is a synaptonemal complex and what does it do
a ladderlike protein structure that helps to align the tightly paired homologous chromosomes
what is crossing over
segments of two non-sister chromatids may be exchanged by breaking and rejoining
What happens in Metaphase I
chromosomes have untwined by this time and now can be seen as dyad chromosomes. They now line up in the center of the cell in homologous pairs
what is a chiasmata
non-sister chromatids that have crossed over appear to be held together at X-shaped locations
What happens in Anaphase I
the homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by kinetochore microtubules
What happens in Telophase I
Centriole duplication takes place at the end of telophase. A formation of a nuclear membrane and division of the cytoplasm, cytokinesis, often occurs at this time to produce two cells, but this is not always the case.
What is a chromatian
the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome
what is a cell plate
a double membrane across the mid line of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall from during cytokinesis
what is the cleavage furrow
a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate
what is the meristem
plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plat lives, allowing for indeterminate growth
what is meiosis
a modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell
what is a haploid cell
a cell containing only one set of chromosomes
what is an allele
any of the alternate versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects

what is the synapsis

the pairing and physical connection of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
what is the synapse
the junction where one neuron communicates with another neuron in a neural pathway; a narrow gap between a synaptic terminal of an axon and a signal-receiving protein of another neuron or effector cell.
what is the locus
a specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located
what is the genotype
the genetic makeup or set of alleles of an organism
what is a phenotype
the physical and physiological traits of an organism which are determined by its genetic makeup
what is a gene
a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
what does heterozygous mean
having two different alleles for a given trait
what is a dominant allele
an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote
what is a recessive allele
an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote
what is interkinesis
the name given to meiosis after telophase during interphase II because DNA replication does not occur during interkinesis.
what does homozygous mean
the two alleles control alternative expression of the same trait
name 5 purposes of mitosis
repair and maintainous, growth, regeneration, cloning, tissue culture, development, asexual reproduction
what is a zygote
a fertilized egg
what are the differences between mitosis and meiosis
in mitosis there is only 1 division, 2 divisions in meiosis. Mitosis produces a full set of chromosomes while meiosis produces half the number of chromosomes. Mitosis is used for growth and development while meiosis is used for sexual reproduction.
What are similarities between mitoses and meiosis
both are methods of reproduction