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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Hypertension
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systolic BP consistently above 140 and a diastolic BP consistently above 90
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Define pre hypertension
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systolic - 120 to 139
diastolic - 80 - 89 |
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In what 3 ways is hypertension classified?
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essential, secondary and malignant hypertension
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Define essential hypertension
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elevated BP with no known cause, about 90% of all cases
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Define secondary hypertension
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hypertension that results from some known cause
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How do Beta blockers work?
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by decreasing the heart rate which causes a decrease in cardiac output
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What are the cornerstone of antihypertensive drug therapy?
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oral diuretics
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what should you check before administering beta blockers?
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BP and HR
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How do ace inhibitors work?
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by stopping the angiotensin converting enzyme which reduces the vasoconstrictor, angiotensin 2. This blocks the release of aldosterone, which decreases sodium and water retention
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What are some examples of ace inhibitors?
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captopril and enalapril
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When should calcium channel blockers NOT be given?
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to patients with CHF or cardiogenic shock due to the decrease in HR
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Describe Nipride (vasodilator)
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not for everyday use, very potent form, relaxes both arteriolar and venous smooth muscle
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Define Peripheral vascular disease
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refers to all conditions that disrupt blood flow through all of the arteries and veins except the heart and brain
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define venous disorder
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any condition that affects the veins
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What are some symptoms of venous disorder
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edema, pain, cyanosis, stasis ulceration, hemosiderin
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Define venous ulcers
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ulcers that develop due to high venous pressure in the superficial veins
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What is phlebothrombosis?
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clot formation without inflammation
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What is thrombophlebitis?
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inflammation of the veins with clot formation (DVT)
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What is vena cava ligation used for?
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treatment of recurrent DVT
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When do we use anticoagulant therapy?
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when clots have already formed and we are trying to prevent an additional clots from forming
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When do we use heparin therapy?
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when rapid anticoagulation is needed
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What are some side effects of heparin?
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SPONTANEOUS BLEEDING, DIARRHEA and transient alopecia
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What is an antagonist for heparin?
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protamine sulfate
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What lab tests are done for monitoring heparin therapy?
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APTT and PTT
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when is coumadin used?
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for long term anticoagulation to protect against sudden thromboembolic events
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What is a coumadin antagonist?
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vitamin k
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Define arterial disorders?
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any condition that affects the arteries
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What are some surgical treatments for arterial disorders?
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endarterectomy, sympathectomy,embolectomy, bypass grafts
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What is Buergers disease?
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a vasospastic disorder caused by segmented inflammation in the arteries and veins, usually in the hands and feet
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What is Raynauds disease?
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an arterial disorder in which the arteries mostly in the handsgo into spasms
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What do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors do?
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decrease intra ocular pressure by decreasing aqueous humor production
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What do miotics do?
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decrease intra ocular pressure by constricting the pupil
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What do mydriatics do>
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cause the pupil to dilate
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What do cyclopegics do?
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cause the pupil to dilate for a longer period of time
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Define myopia
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nearsightedness
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define hyperopia
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farsightedness
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What are the 2 types of glaucoma?
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primary open angle and angle closure
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What is the most common type of glaucoma?
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primary open angle
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what is the difference between primary open angle and angle closure glaucoma?
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primary open angle occurs bilaterally and angle closure occurs unilaterally
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What type of medications should glaucoma patients avoid and why?
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mydriatics - because they increase IOP
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How must TPN be given?
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via an infusion pump and must be consistant in rate
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Define peritonitis
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local or generalized inflammation of the peritoneum
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