Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
acidosis
|
an acid–base imbalance characterized by an increase in H+ concentration (decreased blood pH). A low arterial pH due to reduced bicarbonate concentration is called metabolic acidosis; a low arterial pH due to increased PCO2 is respiratory acidosis
|
|
|
active transport
|
physiologic pump that moves fluid from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; active transport requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy
|
|
|
alkalosis
|
an acid–base imbalance characterized by a reduction in H+ concentration (increased blood pH). A high arterial pH with increased bicarbonate concentration is called metabolic alkalosis; a high arterial pH due to reduced PCO2 is respiratory alkalosis
|
|
|
Diffusion
|
the process by which solutes move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration; does not require expenditure of energy
|
|
|
Hemostasis
|
a dynamic process that involves the cessation of bleeding from an injured vessel, which requires activity of blood vessels, platelets, coagulation and fibrinolytic systems
|
|
|
Homeostasis
|
maintenance of a constant internal equilibrium in a biological system that involves positive and negative feedback mechanisms
|
|
|
hydrostatic pressure
|
the pressure created by the weight of fluid against the wall that contains it. In the body, hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels results from the weight of fluid itself and the force resulting from cardiac contraction
|
|
|
hypertonic solution
|
a solution with an osmolality higher than that of serum
|
|
|
hypotonic solution
|
a solution with an osmolality lower than that of serum
|
|
|
isotonic solution
|
a solution with the same osmolality as serum and other body fluids. Osmolality falls within normal range for serum (280–300 mOsm/kg).
|
|
|
osmolality
|
the number of osmoles (the standard unit of osmotic pressure) per kilogram of solution. Expressed as mOsm/kg. Used more often in clinical practice than the term osmolarity to evaluate serum and urine. In addition to urea and glucose, sodium contributes the largest number of particles to osmolality.
|
|
|
Osmolarity
|
the number of osmoles, the standard unit of osmotic pressure per liter of solution. It is expressed as milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L); describes the concentration of solutes or dissolved particles.
|
|
|
Osmosis
|
the process by which fluid moves across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration; the process continues until the solute concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane.
|
|
|
Tonicity
|
the measurement of the osmotic pressure of a solution; another term for osmolality
|
|
|
Afterload
|
the amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
|
|
|
apical impulse
|
(also called point of maximum impulse [PMI]): impulse normally palpated at the fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line; caused by contraction of the left ventricle
|
|
|
baroreceptors
|
nerve fibers located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that are responsible for reflex control of the blood pressure
|
|
|
cardiac catheterization
|
an invasive procedure used to measure cardiac chamber pressures and assess patency of the coronary arteries
|
|
|
cardiac conduction system
|
specialized heart cells strategically located throughout the heart that are responsible for methodically generating and coordinating the transmission of electrical impulses to the myocardial cells
|
|
|
cardiac output
|
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in liters per minute; normal cardiac output is 5 L per minute in the resting adult heart
|
|
|
contractility
|
ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse
|
|
|
diastole
|
period of ventricular relaxation resulting in ventricular filling
|
|
|
ejection fraction
|
percentage of the end-diastolic blood volume ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat
|
|
|
hemodynamic monitoring
|
use of monitoring devices to measure cardiovascular function
|
|
|
hypertension
|
blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg
|
|
|
hypotension
|
a decrease in blood pressure to less than 100/60 mm Hg
|
|
|
international normalized ratio (INR)
|
a standard method for reporting prothrombin levels, eliminating the variation in test results from laboratory to laboratory
|
|
|
myocardial ischemia
|
condition in which heart muscle cells receive less oxygen than needed
|
|
|
myocardium
|
muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart
|
|
|
normal heart sounds
|
sounds produced when the valves close; normal heart sounds are S1 (atrioventricular valves) and S2 (semilunar valves)
|
|
|
postural (orthostatic) hypotension
|
a significant drop in blood pressure (usually 10 mm Hg systolic or more) after an upright posture is assumed
|
|
|
preload
|
degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole
|
|
|
pulmonary vascular resistance
|
resistance to right ventricle ejection of blood
|
|
|
radioisotopes
|
unstable atoms that emit small amounts of energy in the form of gamma rays; used in cardiac nuclear medicine studies
|
|
|
repolarization
|
return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell
|
|
|
stroke volume
|
amount of blood ejected from the ventricle per heartbeat; normal stroke volume is 70 mL in the resting heart
|
|
|
systemic vascular resistance
|
resistance to left ventricle ejection
|
|
|
systole
|
period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta
|
|
|
telemetry
|
the process of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring by the transmission of radiowaves from a battery-operated transmitter worn by the patient
|
|
|
cardiac stress test
|
a test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a period of increased oxygen demand
|
|
|
depolarization
|
electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell while potassium exits the cell
|
|
|
cardiac stress test
|
a test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a period of increased oxygen demand
|
|
|
depolarization
|
electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell while potassium exits the cell
|
|
|
murmurs
|
sounds created by abnormal, turbulent flow of blood in the heart
|
|
|
sinoatrial (SA) node
|
primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium
|
|
|
venodilating agent
|
medication causing dilation of veins
|
|
|
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
|
signs and symptoms that indicate unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
|
|
|
angina pectoris
|
chest pain brought about by myocardial ischemia
|
|
|
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
|
medications that inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme
|
|
|
atherosclerosis
|
abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and lumen
|
|
|
atheroma
|
fibrous cap composed of smooth muscle cells that forms over lipid deposits within arterial vessels and that protrudes into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing the lumen and obstructing blood flow; also called plaque
|
|
|
contractility
|
ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse
|
|
|
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
|
a surgical procedure in which a blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted onto the occluded coronary artery below the occlusion in such a way that blood flow bypasses the blockage
|
|
|
creatine kinase (CK)
|
an enzyme found in human tissues; one of the three types of CK is specific to heart muscle and may be used as an indicator of heart muscle injury
|
|
|
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
|
a protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to the liver for excretion in the bile; composed of a higher proportion of protein to lipid than low-density lipoprotein; exerts a beneficial effect on the arterial wall
|
|
|
ischemia
|
insufficient tissue oxygenation
|
|
|
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
|
a protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to tissues in the body; composed of a lower proportion of protein to lipid than high-density lipoprotein; exerts a harmful effect on the arterial wall
|
|
|
metabolic syndrome
|
a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
|
|
|
myocardial infarction (MI)
|
death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood flow; if acute, abbreviated as AMI
|
|
|
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
|
an invasive procedure in which a catheter is placed in a coronary artery, and one of several methods is employed to remove or reduce a blockage within the artery
|
|
|
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
|
a type of percutaneous coronary intervention in which a balloon is inflated within a coronary artery to break an atheroma and open the vessel lumen, improving coronary artery blood flow
|
|
|
primary prevention
|
interventions taken to prevent the development of coronary artery disease
|
|
|
secondary prevention
|
interventions taken to prevent the advancement of existing coronary artery disease
|
|
|
Stent
|
a woven mesh that provides structural support to a coronary vessel, preventing its closure
|
|
|
sudden cardiac death
|
immediate cessation of effective heart activity
|
|
|
thrombolytic
|
an agent or process that breaks down blood clots
|
|
|
troponin
|
myocardial protein; measurement is used to assess heart muscle injury
|
|
|
Ablation
|
purposeful destruction of heart muscle cells, usually in an attempt to control a dysrhythmia
|
|
|
Antiarrhythmic
|
a medication that suppresses or prevents a dysrhythmia
|
|
|
Automaticity
|
ability of the cardiac cells to initiate an electrical impulse
|
|
|
Cardioversion
|
electrical current administered in synchrony with the patient's own QRS complex to stop a dysrhythmia
|
|
|
Chronotropy
|
rate of impulse formation
|
|
|
Conduction
|
transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another
|
|
|
Defibrillation
|
electrical current administered to stop a dysrhythmia, not synchronized with the patient's QRS complex
|
|
|
Depolarization
|
process by which cardiac muscle cells change from a more negatively charged to a more positively charged intracellular state
|
|
|
Dromotropy
|
conduction velocity
|
|
|
dysrhythmia (also referred to as arrhythmia)
|
disorder of the formation or conduction (or both) of the electrical impulse within the heart, altering the heart rate, heart rhythm, or both and potentially causing altered blood flow
|
|
|
implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
|
a device implanted into the chest to treat dysrhythmias
|
|
|
inhibited
|
in reference to pacemakers, term used to describe the pacemaker withholding an impulse (not firing)
|
|
|
inotropy
|
force of myocardial contraction
|
|
|
P wave
|
the part of an electrocardiogram (ECG) that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the atrium; atrial depolarization
|
|
|
Ablation
|
purposeful destruction of heart muscle cells, usually in an attempt to control a dysrhythmia
|
|
|
Antiarrhythmic
|
a medication that suppresses or prevents a dysrhythmia
|
|
|
Automaticity
|
ability of the cardiac cells to initiate an electrical impulse
|
|
|
Cardioversion
|
electrical current administered in synchrony with the patient's own QRS complex to stop a dysrhythmia
|
|
|
Chronotropy
|
rate of impulse formation
|
|
|
Conduction
|
transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another
|
|
|
Defibrillation
|
electrical current administered to stop a dysrhythmia, not synchronized with the patient's QRS complex
|
|
|
Depolarization
|
process by which cardiac muscle cells change from a more negatively charged to a more positively charged intracellular state
|
|
|
Dromotropy
|
conduction velocity
|
|
|
dysrhythmia (also referred to as arrhythmia)
|
disorder of the formation or conduction (or both) of the electrical impulse within the heart, altering the heart rate, heart rhythm, or both and potentially causing altered blood flow
|
|
|
implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
|
a device implanted into the chest to treat dysrhythmias
|
|
|
inhibited
|
in reference to pacemakers, term used to describe the pacemaker withholding an impulse (not firing)
|
|
|
inotropy
|
force of myocardial contraction
|
|
|
P wave
|
the part of an electrocardiogram (ECG) that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the atrium; atrial depolarization
|
|
|
Paroxysmal
|
a dysrhythmia that has a sudden onset and/or termination and is usually of short duration
|
|
|
PP interval
|
the duration between the beginning of one P wave and the beginning of the next P wave; used to calculate atrial rate and rhythm
|
|
|
PR interval
|
the part of an ECG that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse from the sinoatrial (SA) node through the atrioventricular (AV) node
|
|
|
Proarrhythmic
|
an agent (eg, a medication) that causes or exacerbates a dysrhythmia
|
|
|
QRS complex
|
the part of an ECG that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the ventricles; ventricular depolarization
|
|
|
QT interval
|
the part of an ECG that reflects the time from ventricular depolarization through repolarization
|
|
|
Repolarization
|
process by which cardiac muscle cells return to a more negatively charged intracellular condition, their resting state
|
|
|
sinus rhythm
|
electrical activity of the heart initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node
|
|
|
ST segment
|
the part of an ECG that reflects the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave
|
|
|
supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)
|
a rhythm that originates in the conduction system above the ventricles
|
|
|
TP interval
|
the part of an ECG that reflects the time between the end of the T wave and the beginning of the next P wave; used to identify the isoelectric line
|
|
|
T wave
|
the part of an ECG that reflects repolarization of the ventricles
|
|
|
Triggered
|
in reference to pacemakers, term used to describe the release of an impulse in response to some stimulus
|
|
|
U wave
|
the part of an ECG that may reflect Purkinje fiber repolarization; usually it is not seen unless a patient's serum potassium level is low
|
|
|
ventricular tachycardia (VT)
|
a rhythm that originates in the ventricles
|
|
|
chronic conditions:
|
medical or health problems with associated symptoms or disabilities that require long-term management (3 months or longer)
|
|
|
disability:
|
restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in a normal manner; the consequences of impairment in terms of an individual's functional performance and activity. Disabilities represent disturbances at the level of the person (eg, bathing, dressing, communication, walking, grooming).
|
|
|
impairment:
|
loss or abnormality of psychological, physiologic, or anatomic structure or function at the organ level (eg, dysphagia, hemiparesis); an abnormality of body structure, appearance, and organ or system function resulting from any cause.
|
|
|
secondary conditions or disorders:
|
preventable physical, mental, or social disorders resulting directly or indirectly from an initial disabling condition
|
|
|
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
|
signs and symptoms that indicate unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
|
|
|
angina pectoris
|
chest pain brought about by myocardial ischemia
|
|
|
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
|
medications that inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme
|
|
|
atherosclerosis
|
abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and lumen
|
|
|
atheroma
|
fibrous cap composed of smooth muscle cells that forms over lipid deposits within arterial vessels and that protrudes into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing the lumen and obstructing blood flow; also called plaque
|
|
|
contractility
|
ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse
|
|
|
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
|
a surgical procedure in which a blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted onto the occluded coronary artery below the occlusion in such a way that blood flow bypasses the blockage
|
|
|
creatine kinase (CK)
|
an enzyme found in human tissues; one of the three types of CK is specific to heart muscle and may be used as an indicator of heart muscle injury
|
|
|
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
|
a protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to the liver for excretion in the bile; composed of a higher proportion of protein to lipid than low-density lipoprotein; exerts a beneficial effect on the arterial wall
|
|
|
ischemia
|
insufficient tissue oxygenation
|
|
|
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
|
a protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to tissues in the body; composed of a lower proportion of protein to lipid than high-density lipoprotein; exerts a harmful effect on the arterial wall
|
|
|
metabolic syndrome
|
a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
|
|
|
myocardial infarction (MI)
|
death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood flow; if acute, abbreviated as AMI
|
|
|
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
|
an invasive procedure in which a catheter is placed in a coronary artery, and one of several methods is employed to remove or reduce a blockage within the artery
|
|
|
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
|
a type of percutaneous coronary intervention in which a balloon is inflated within a coronary artery to break an atheroma and open the vessel lumen, improving coronary artery blood flow
|
|
|
primary prevention
|
interventions taken to prevent the development of coronary artery disease
|
|
|
secondary prevention
|
interventions taken to prevent the advancement of existing coronary artery disease
|
|
|
stent
|
a woven mesh that provides structural support to a coronary vessel, preventing its closure
|
|
|
sudden cardiac death
|
immediate cessation of effective heart activity
|
|
|
thrombolytic
|
an agent or process that breaks down blood clots
|
|
|
troponin
|
myocardial protein; measurement is used to assess heart muscle injury
|
|
|
Allograft
|
heart valve replacement made from a human heart valve (synonym: homograft)
|
|
|
Annuloplasty
|
repair of a cardiac valve's outer ring
|
|
|
aortic valve
|
semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta
|
|
|
autograft
|
heart valve replacement made from the patient's own heart valve (eg, the pulmonic valve is excised and used as an aortic valve)
|
|
|
cardiomyopathy
|
disease of the heart muscle
|
|
|
chordoplasty
|
repair of the stringy, tendinous fibers that connect the free edges of the atrioventricular valve leaflets to the papillary muscles
|
|
|
commissurotomy
|
splitting or separating fused cardiac valve leaflets
|
|
|
heterograft
|
heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart valve (synonym: xenograft)
|
|
|
homograft
|
heart valve replacement made from a human heart valve (synonym: allograft)
|
|
|
leaflet repair
|
repair of a cardiac valve's movable “flaps” (leaflets)
|
|
|
mitral valve
|
atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle
|
|
|
orthotopic transplantation
|
the recipient's heart is removed, and a donor heart is grafted into the same site; the patient has one heart
|
|
|
prolapse (of a valve)
|
stretching of an atrioventricular heart valve leaflet into the atrium during systole
|
|
|
pulmonic valve
|
semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
|
|
|
regurgitation
|
backward flow of blood through a heart valve
|
|
|
stenosis
|
narrowing or obstruction of a cardiac valve's orifice
|
|
|
total artificial heart
|
mechanical device used to aid a failing heart, assisting the right and left ventricles
|
|
|
tricuspid valve
|
atrioventricular valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle
|
|
|
valve replacement
|
insertion of a device at the site of a malfunctioning heart valve to restore blood flow in one direction through the heart
|
|
|
valvuloplasty
|
repair of a stenosed or regurgitant cardiac valve by commissurotomy, annuloplasty, leaflet repair, or chordoplasty (or a combination of procedures)
|
|
|
ventricular assist device
|
mechanical device used to aid a failing right or left ventricle
|
|
|
xenograft
|
heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart valve (synonym: heterograft)
|
|
|
Aldosterone
|
hormone synthesized and released by the adrenal cortex; causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium
|
|
|
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
|
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water; also called vasopressin
|
|
|
anuria
|
total urine output less than 50 mL in 24 h
|
|
|
bacteriuria
|
bacteria in the urine; bacterial count higher than 100,000 colonies/mL
|
|
|
creatinine
|
endogenous waste product of muscle energy metabolism
|
|
|
dysuria
|
painful or difficult urination
|
|
|
frequency
|
voiding more frequently than every 3 h
|
|
|
Glomerulus
|
tuft of capillaries forming part of the nephron through which filtration occurs
|
|
|
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
|
volume of plasma filtered at the glomerulus into the kidney tubules each minute; normal rate is approximately 120 mL/min
|
|
|
hematuria
|
red blood cells in the urine
|
|
|
micturition
|
urination or voiding
|
|
|
nephron
|
structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation
|
|
|
nocturia
|
awakening at night to urinate
|
|
|
oliguria
|
total urine output less than 400 mL in 24 h
|
|
|
proteinuria
|
protein in the urine
|
|
|
pyuria
|
white blood cells in the urine
|
|
|
renal clearance
|
volume of plasma that the kidneys can clear of a specific solute (eg, creatinine); expressed in milliliters per minute
|
|
|
renal glycosuria
|
recurring or persistent excretion of glucose in the urine
|
|
|
specific gravity
|
reflects the weight of particles dissolved in the urine; expression of the degree of concentration of the urine
|
|
|
tubular reabsorption
|
movement of a substance from the kidney tubule into the blood in the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
|
|
|
tubular secretion
|
movement of a substance from the blood in the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta into the kidney tubule
|
|
|
urea nitrogen
|
nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism
|
|
|
urinary incontinence
|
involuntary loss of urine
|
|
|
acute tubular necrosis:
|
type of acute renal failure in which there is actual damage to the kidney tubules
|
|
|
anuria:
|
total urine output less than 50 mL in 24 hours
|
|
|
arteriovenous fistula:
|
type of vascular access for dialysis; created by surgically connecting an artery to a vein
|
|
|
arteriovenous graft:
|
type of surgically created vascular access for dialysis by which a piece of biologic, semibiologic, or synthetic graft material connects the patient's artery to a vein
|
|
|
azotemia:
|
concentration of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood
|
|
|
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD):
|
method of peritoneal dialysis whereby a patient performs four or five complete exchanges or cycles throughout the day
|
|
|
continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD):
|
method of peritoneal dialysis in which a peritoneal dialysis machine (cycler) automatically performs exchanges, usually while the patient sleeps
|
|
|
continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT):
|
variety of methods used to replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient's blood through a filter and returning it to the patient
|
|
|
continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD):
|
form of continuous renal replacement therapy that results in removal of fluid and waste products; venous blood circulates through a hemofilter and returns to the patient
|
|
|
continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH):
|
form of continuous renal replacement therapy that primarily results in removal of fluid; venous blood circulates through a hemofilter and returns to the patient
|
|
|
dialysate:
|
solution that circulates through the dialyzer in hemodialysis and through the peritoneal membrane in peritoneal dialysis
|
|
|
dialyzer:
|
“artificial kidney” or dialysis machine; contains a semipermeable membrane through which particles of a certain size can pass
|
|
|
diffusion:
|
movement of solutes (waste products) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
|
|
|
end-stage renal disease (ESRD):
|
progressive, irreversible deterioration in renal function that results in retention of uremic waste products
|
|
|
glomerulonephritis:
|
inflammation of the glomerular capillaries
|
|
|
hemodialysis:
|
procedure during which a patient's blood is circulated through a dialyzer to remove waste products and excess fluid
|
|
|
interstitial nephritis:
|
inflammation within the renal tissue
|
|
|
nephrosclerosis:
|
hardening of the renal arteries
|
|
|
osmosis:
|
movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
|
|
|
peritoneal dialysis:
|
procedure that uses the lining of the patient's peritoneal cavity as the semipermeable membrane for exchange of fluid and solutes
|
|
|
peritonitis:
|
inflammation of the peritoneal membrane (lining of the peritoneal cavity)
|
|
|
pyelonephritis:
|
inflammation of the renal pelvis
|
|
|
ultrafiltration:
|
process whereby water is removed from the blood by means of a pressure gradient between the patient's blood and the dialysate
|
|
|
uremia:
|
an excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood
|
|
|
urinary casts:
|
proteins secreted by damaged kidney tubules
|
|
|
Classifying Urinary Tract Infections
|
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are classified by location: the lower urinary tract (which includes the bladder and structures below the bladder) or the upper urinary tract (which includes the kidneys and ureters). They can also be classified as uncomplicated or complicated UTIs.
|
|
|
Classifying Urinary Tract Infections: Lower UTI
|
Cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis
|
|
|
Classifying Urinary Tract Infections: Upper UTIs
|
Acute pyelonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, renal abscess, interstitial nephritis, perirenal abscess
|
|
|
Classifying Urinary Tract Infections: Uncomplicated Lower or Upper UTIs
|
Community-acquired infection; common in young women and not usually recurrent
|
|
|
Classifying Urinary Tract Infections: Complicated Lower or Upper UTIs
|
Often nosocomial (acquired in the hospital) and related to catheterization; occur in patients with urologic abnormalities, pregnancy, immunosuppression, diabetes mellitus, and obstructions and are often recurrent
|
