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67 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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- Liber Usualis


o Restored from Medieval manuscripts in the 1830s by Monks of Solesmes.



o It is a vast collection of yearly Sunday masses and major celebrations of the Roman Catholic Church




- Sequence


o (In music) Sequence is the repetition of a melody in a higher or lower pitch.



o (Medieval (after 9th century)) Sequences arose when tropes were so elaborate they became a piece of music in their own right




o Usually syllabic these piece would be dedicated to a specific feast day, individual etc.


- Hymn


o A melodic ode often sung to praise a being or place of significance during religious ceremonies


- Tetrachord


o A combination of four consecutive notes, essential to the scale system developed by Boethius


- Ambrose


o 339-397



o Augustine of Hippo’s mentor who is renowned as the father of Latin hymnody (the composition of hymns)



o Credited with the popularization and composition of antiphonal chant (unlikely)




o Credited with introducing hymnody from the eastern church to the west



- Boethius


o 480-524




o Author of de Institutione Musica: focused on the effectual characteristics of different mode of music


- Egeria


o fl. 381-5



o Pilgrim to biblical lands and make a valuable account of the region in letters home




o Probably a nun


- Antiphon


o A verse or verses sung in response to part of a religious sermon


- Proper Chants


o Sung psalmodic texts used during Mass



o Sung during specific times of the year




o Sometimes used in lieu of an Alleluia during solemn occasions and lent – known as a tract


- Doxology


o A short hymn, praising God, added to the end of a psalm or hymn


- Prosula


o Text created to fit an existing melisma


Troping (General)

o The Expansion of an existing chant (liturgical) with more words and/or music



o E.g. Kyrie or Gloria

- Cantor


o Librarian of a monastery




o Plans liturgy, composes new music, and supervises the copy of books


- Gregory the Great


o 540 – 604




o Credited with the development of Gregorian Chant (this is an over attribution)


- Notker of St. Gall


o 840 – 912



o A.K.A. Notker the Stammerer



o Swiss Benedictine monk who composed a collection of sequences – Liber Hymnorum




o First examples of neumes and sequences


- Antiphonal


o A song performed by two semi-independent choirs


Hroswitha of Gandersheim

o Circa. 935 – circa. 975




o None of her work survives but she was known for being a great writer of poetry, drama, and hagiography in lower Saxony


- Jubilus


o Melisma began on the final vowel of an alleluia


- Guidonian Hand


o A.k.a. the hexachord system



o Used to teach sight-singing, mnemonic device that divided sections of the hand into notes




o Developed by Guido of Arezzo


- Hexachord


o Ut, ra, me, fa, so, la, (ti, do)




o Basic course of a scale – one semitone interval, the rest are full tones


- Guido of Arezzo


o Circa. 991 – post. 1033



o Music theorist who developed an early version of the musical staff




§ Attempted to systematize song and its transmission


- Organ or Organum


o Multi-tone and/or polyphonic singing




§ Organum voice sings complex melody


- Fleury Playbook


o Musical biblical dramas from the 12th century



o Inc. Plays of St. Nicholas

- Discant (or Descant)


o Direct match note for note harmony between singers




o Associated with the 12th century Notre Dame polyphony


- Trouvères


o 12th – 14th c. vernacular court-poets/musicians in Northern France


Minnesänger

o 12th – 14th c. vernacular court-poets/musicians in Germany


- Troubadoures


o 11th – 13th c. musicians/composers in southern France (Provençal)




o Variety of vernacular songs inc. religious parody, drinking songs, and varying forms of chivalric love songs


- Eleanor of Aquitaine


o 1122 – 1204



o Duchess of Acquitaine, wife of King Louis VII and (later) Henry of Anjou (Henry II of England)




o Major patron of arts and influenced noble courts of France and England


- Hildegarde of Bingen


o 1098 – 1179



o Originally a noble, joined the church at age 8, Created her own convent near Bingen



o Wrote over 72 pieces of music and 1 play



§ Recorded in heightened neumes




o (Possibly) first western composer to oversee the writing of their own music


Chanson

o Meaning ‘song’ inc. vernacular music and polyphony composed from 13th – 14th c.


- Magnus Liber (Organi)


o Written during 12th and early 13th c.



o 4 manuscripts survive




o Massive collection of Organum from the period


- Motet


o A short vocal composition with two to four voices (written)



o Strophic organum that arose in the 13th century




o Used complex mensural notation and contained several parts with varying melodies


Cantiga

o Spanish or Portuguese monophonic song involving a refrain that is repeated at intervals throughout




o Common 13th century


- Formes Fixes


o Structural patterns applied to three types of Chanson; rondeau, ballade, and virelai




o Standardized in the 14th century


- Guillaume de Machaut


o 1300 – 1377




o Most detailed biography of a medieval composer/poet



o Machaut introduced melisma and cadences into vernacular music



o Part of Ars Nova, developed Motet; particularly Formes Fixes and Lai




- Goliard


o Itinerant scholars who were associated with music consisting of poetry and satire




o Subject matter concerned student and clerical lives as well as drunkenness and love


- Jongleur


o French entertainer who played music by ear or through improvisation including singing




o Eng. Minstrel


- Veille


o Generic term for European stringed instruments which were bowed; most typical form has five strings and was played on the arm


- Ave Maris Stella


o 9th century (probably written)



o Celebration of the Virgin Mary




o Strophic poem; widely used in many different settings


- Musica Enchiriadis and Scolica Enchiriadis


o 9th century




o Emphasize Tetrachords, refer to four pairs of modes and their finals as key to musical understanding


- Authentic Mode


o Modes in which the ‘final’ or root note is the first/last note in the scale


- Plagal Mode


o Modes in which the ‘final’ or root note is in the middle (mode is lower than the authentic)


- Peter Abelard


o 1079 – 1142



o Composed an entire cycle of hymn’s for the Paraclete (holy spirit)



o Composed O quanta, qualia which was beloved throughout the mediaeval period




o Little of his work survives


- Adam de la Halle


o Circa. 1240 – circa. 1285



o One of the last trouvères, belonged to the guild on jongleurs in Arras



o Adam’s surviving collection of songs is the first to be devoted to a single poet




§ His Rondeaux are some of the first suriving polyphonic chanson


- Martin Codax


o fl. Circa. 1240 – 1270



o From Galica (Northwestern Spain)



o His work collects thousands of lyrics that survive without music; six of his poems survive with music




o Periodization is theoretical; we know nothing about him


- Montpellier Codex


o 13th century



o Large collection of motet




o Exemplifies the use of mensural notation and the progression of Franconian style


- Neumes


o System of notation that requires knowledge of the piece when sung




o Differed by region


- Ordinary Chants


o Are performed every day and always the same


- Troping (Specific)


o A trope is a pre-existing text/chant that is used as a prosula; it fills a melisma by making it syllabic


- William, Count of Poitiers


o 1071-1127




o First historical troubadour accounted for


- Canso


o Most common of troubadour songs



o Always about love; usually about someone who is unobtainable




o Themes of chivalry


- Organum (Purum) Voice


o Singer of the main melody (usually elaborate)


- Primary Voice


o Singer who maintains basic notes in support of the Organum voice


- Conductus


o Mainly syllabic songs on sacred themes, in latin




o First instance of Canda


- Canda


o Final melisma, indicated by a ligature, indicated the rhythm for the entire piece



o Found in the Magnus Liber (Organi)




o Replaced by Franconian Notation


- Notre Dame School of Polyphony


o Development of polyphony in Paris between 1150 and 1250


- Léonin and Pérotin


o Mentioned in the Magnus Liber (Organi); little is known about them



o Key figures in the Notre Dame School




o Wrote the first motets


- Franconian Notation


o A.K.A. Mensural Notation



o Developed in Cologne late 13th century



o Allows for the accurate recording of rhythm through a system of Long, Breve, and Semi-Breve symbols




§ Developed into more complex subsets


- Clausula(e)


o Autonomous chunks of descant which are used interchangeably




o They are the strophes found in motet


- Isorhythm


o Refers to the distinction between pitch and rhythm where both are arranged in fixed corresponding patterns




o (not a medieval term)


- Trecento


o A.K.A. ‘Italian Ars Nova’



o 13th to 15th centuries




o Polyphonic Vernacular music of Italy; heavily influenced by troubadours


- Ars Nova


o 14th century polyphonic music



o Adopted isorhythm and motet styles which rejected the limitations of the rhythmic modi (13th century and before)




o Saw the decline of Organum and Conductus


- Ars Antiqua


o fl. circa. 1170 – circa.1310




o Characterized by the development of Franconian notation and developed forms of Organum and Conductus


- Ars Subtilior


o Late 14th and early 15th centuries




o Extremely refined, complex, and difficult to sing; was effectively an elitist style and the culmination of Ars Nova


- Rhythmic Mode


o A method of recording rhythm that preceded Franconian notation



o Rhythm was based on syllabic metre of the text and the grouping of notes into ligatures




o 6 Rhythmic modes; trochee, iamb, dactyl, anapaest, spondee, and tribrach


- Philippe de Vitry


o 1291 – 1361



o Parisian composer of motets and user of isorhythm




o Popularized the use of different voices including tenor


- Chantilly Codex


o Circa. 1350 – 1400



o 112 Pieces of music, mostly French composers, and all Polyphonic



o The music is largely of traditional genres but is also isorhythmic motets




o Extreme rhythmic complexity and intricate/exact notation