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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- Liber Usualis
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o Restored from Medieval manuscripts in the 1830s by Monks of Solesmes.
o It is a vast collection of yearly Sunday masses and major celebrations of the Roman Catholic Church
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- Sequence
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o (In music) Sequence is the repetition of a melody in a higher or lower pitch.
o (Medieval (after 9th century)) Sequences arose when tropes were so elaborate they became a piece of music in their own right
o Usually syllabic these piece would be dedicated to a specific feast day, individual etc.
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- Hymn
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o A melodic ode often sung to praise a being or place of significance during religious ceremonies
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- Tetrachord
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o A combination of four consecutive notes, essential to the scale system developed by Boethius
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- Ambrose
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o 339-397 o Augustine of Hippo’s mentor who is renowned as the father of Latin hymnody (the composition of hymns) o Credited with the popularization and composition of antiphonal chant (unlikely)
o Credited with introducing hymnody from the eastern church to the west
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- Boethius
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o 480-524
o Author of de Institutione Musica: focused on the effectual characteristics of different mode of music
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- Egeria
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o fl. 381-5
o Pilgrim to biblical lands and make a valuable account of the region in letters home
o Probably a nun
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- Antiphon
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o A verse or verses sung in response to part of a religious sermon
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- Proper Chants
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o Sung psalmodic texts used during Mass
o Sung during specific times of the year
o Sometimes used in lieu of an Alleluia during solemn occasions and lent – known as a tract
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- Doxology
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o A short hymn, praising God, added to the end of a psalm or hymn
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- Prosula
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o Text created to fit an existing melisma
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Troping (General) |
o The Expansion of an existing chant (liturgical) with more words and/or music
o E.g. Kyrie or Gloria |
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- Cantor
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o Librarian of a monastery
o Plans liturgy, composes new music, and supervises the copy of books
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- Gregory the Great
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o 540 – 604
o Credited with the development of Gregorian Chant (this is an over attribution)
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- Notker of St. Gall
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o 840 – 912
o A.K.A. Notker the Stammerer
o Swiss Benedictine monk who composed a collection of sequences – Liber Hymnorum
o First examples of neumes and sequences
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- Antiphonal
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o A song performed by two semi-independent choirs
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Hroswitha of Gandersheim |
o Circa. 935 – circa. 975
o None of her work survives but she was known for being a great writer of poetry, drama, and hagiography in lower Saxony
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- Jubilus
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o Melisma began on the final vowel of an alleluia
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- Guidonian Hand
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o A.k.a. the hexachord system
o Used to teach sight-singing, mnemonic device that divided sections of the hand into notes
o Developed by Guido of Arezzo
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- Hexachord
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o Ut, ra, me, fa, so, la, (ti, do)
o Basic course of a scale – one semitone interval, the rest are full tones
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- Guido of Arezzo
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o Circa. 991 – post. 1033
o Music theorist who developed an early version of the musical staff
§ Attempted to systematize song and its transmission
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- Organ or Organum
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o Multi-tone and/or polyphonic singing
§ Organum voice sings complex melody
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- Fleury Playbook
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o Musical biblical dramas from the 12th century
o Inc. Plays of St. Nicholas |
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- Discant (or Descant)
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o Direct match note for note harmony between singers
o Associated with the 12th century Notre Dame polyphony
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- Trouvères
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o 12th – 14th c. vernacular court-poets/musicians in Northern France
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Minnesänger |
o 12th – 14th c. vernacular court-poets/musicians in Germany
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- Troubadoures
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o 11th – 13th c. musicians/composers in southern France (Provençal)
o Variety of vernacular songs inc. religious parody, drinking songs, and varying forms of chivalric love songs
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- Eleanor of Aquitaine
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o 1122 – 1204
o Duchess of Acquitaine, wife of King Louis VII and (later) Henry of Anjou (Henry II of England)
o Major patron of arts and influenced noble courts of France and England
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- Hildegarde of Bingen
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o 1098 – 1179
o Originally a noble, joined the church at age 8, Created her own convent near Bingen
o Wrote over 72 pieces of music and 1 play
§ Recorded in heightened neumes
o (Possibly) first western composer to oversee the writing of their own music
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Chanson |
o Meaning ‘song’ inc. vernacular music and polyphony composed from 13th – 14th c.
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- Magnus Liber (Organi)
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o Written during 12th and early 13th c.
o 4 manuscripts survive
o Massive collection of Organum from the period
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- Motet
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o A short vocal composition with two to four voices (written)
o Strophic organum that arose in the 13th century
o Used complex mensural notation and contained several parts with varying melodies
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Cantiga |
o Spanish or Portuguese monophonic song involving a refrain that is repeated at intervals throughout
o Common 13th century
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- Formes Fixes
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o Structural patterns applied to three types of Chanson; rondeau, ballade, and virelai
o Standardized in the 14th century
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- Guillaume de Machaut
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o 1300 – 1377
o Most detailed biography of a medieval composer/poet
o Machaut introduced melisma and cadences into vernacular music
o Part of Ars Nova, developed Motet; particularly Formes Fixes and Lai
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- Goliard
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o Itinerant scholars who were associated with music consisting of poetry and satire
o Subject matter concerned student and clerical lives as well as drunkenness and love
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- Jongleur
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o French entertainer who played music by ear or through improvisation including singing
o Eng. Minstrel
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- Veille
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o Generic term for European stringed instruments which were bowed; most typical form has five strings and was played on the arm
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- Ave Maris Stella
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o 9th century (probably written)
o Celebration of the Virgin Mary
o Strophic poem; widely used in many different settings
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- Musica Enchiriadis and Scolica Enchiriadis
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o 9th century
o Emphasize Tetrachords, refer to four pairs of modes and their finals as key to musical understanding
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- Authentic Mode
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o Modes in which the ‘final’ or root note is the first/last note in the scale
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- Plagal Mode
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o Modes in which the ‘final’ or root note is in the middle (mode is lower than the authentic)
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- Peter Abelard
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o 1079 – 1142
o Composed an entire cycle of hymn’s for the Paraclete (holy spirit)
o Composed O quanta, qualia which was beloved throughout the mediaeval period
o Little of his work survives
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- Adam de la Halle
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o Circa. 1240 – circa. 1285
o One of the last trouvères, belonged to the guild on jongleurs in Arras
o Adam’s surviving collection of songs is the first to be devoted to a single poet
§ His Rondeaux are some of the first suriving polyphonic chanson
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- Martin Codax
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o fl. Circa. 1240 – 1270
o From Galica (Northwestern Spain)
o His work collects thousands of lyrics that survive without music; six of his poems survive with music
o Periodization is theoretical; we know nothing about him
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- Montpellier Codex
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o 13th century
o Large collection of motet
o Exemplifies the use of mensural notation and the progression of Franconian style
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- Neumes
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o System of notation that requires knowledge of the piece when sung
o Differed by region
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- Ordinary Chants
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o Are performed every day and always the same
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- Troping (Specific)
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o A trope is a pre-existing text/chant that is used as a prosula; it fills a melisma by making it syllabic
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- William, Count of Poitiers
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o 1071-1127
o First historical troubadour accounted for
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- Canso
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o Most common of troubadour songs
o Always about love; usually about someone who is unobtainable
o Themes of chivalry
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- Organum (Purum) Voice
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o Singer of the main melody (usually elaborate)
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- Primary Voice
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o Singer who maintains basic notes in support of the Organum voice
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- Conductus
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o Mainly syllabic songs on sacred themes, in latin
o First instance of Canda
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- Canda
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o Final melisma, indicated by a ligature, indicated the rhythm for the entire piece
o Found in the Magnus Liber (Organi)
o Replaced by Franconian Notation
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- Notre Dame School of Polyphony
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o Development of polyphony in Paris between 1150 and 1250
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- Léonin and Pérotin
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o Mentioned in the Magnus Liber (Organi); little is known about them
o Key figures in the Notre Dame School
o Wrote the first motets
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- Franconian Notation
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o A.K.A. Mensural Notation
o Developed in Cologne late 13th century
o Allows for the accurate recording of rhythm through a system of Long, Breve, and Semi-Breve symbols
§ Developed into more complex subsets
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- Clausula(e)
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o Autonomous chunks of descant which are used interchangeably
o They are the strophes found in motet
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- Isorhythm
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o Refers to the distinction between pitch and rhythm where both are arranged in fixed corresponding patterns
o (not a medieval term)
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- Trecento
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o A.K.A. ‘Italian Ars Nova’
o 13th to 15th centuries
o Polyphonic Vernacular music of Italy; heavily influenced by troubadours
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- Ars Nova
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o 14th century polyphonic music
o Adopted isorhythm and motet styles which rejected the limitations of the rhythmic modi (13th century and before)
o Saw the decline of Organum and Conductus
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- Ars Antiqua
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o fl. circa. 1170 – circa.1310
o Characterized by the development of Franconian notation and developed forms of Organum and Conductus
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- Ars Subtilior
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o Late 14th and early 15th centuries
o Extremely refined, complex, and difficult to sing; was effectively an elitist style and the culmination of Ars Nova
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- Rhythmic Mode
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o A method of recording rhythm that preceded Franconian notation
o Rhythm was based on syllabic metre of the text and the grouping of notes into ligatures
o 6 Rhythmic modes; trochee, iamb, dactyl, anapaest, spondee, and tribrach
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- Philippe de Vitry
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o 1291 – 1361
o Parisian composer of motets and user of isorhythm
o Popularized the use of different voices including tenor
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- Chantilly Codex
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o Circa. 1350 – 1400
o 112 Pieces of music, mostly French composers, and all Polyphonic
o The music is largely of traditional genres but is also isorhythmic motets
o Extreme rhythmic complexity and intricate/exact notation
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