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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diocletian
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o Created the Tetrarchy
o He divided the Roman empire in half [forms East and West] o He also hires co-emperors West: August East: Augustus West: Caesar East: Caesar o By raising taxes, he is able to expand the military. o He claimed to be a God, a representative of the divine. o He persecuted Christians because they refused to sacrifice to the gods in which he worshiped. |
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Pax Romana
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o The Roman peace; the long period of peace enforced on states in the Roman Empire.
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Arianism
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o The doctrines of Arius.
o Denies that Jesus was of the same substance as God and holding instead that he was only the highest of created beings, viewed as heretical by most Christian churches. |
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St. Anthony
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o Man who was believed to be a Saint.
o He lived a life that many wanted to live. o He had a written documentation of his life. o Supports the evidence of loving God. o General belief: in order to reach the love of God, you have to go away from yourself. o He would often fast and would only eat bread and drink water. o While trying to seclude himself from society [a way to get maintain a closer relationship with God], the devil tempts him with: Materialistic possessions Sex Family |
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Theodosian Code
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o Roman legal code
o Issued in 438 by Theodosius II , emperor of the East. o It was at once adopted by Valentinian III, emperor of the West. o The code was intended to reduce and systematize the complex mass of law that had been issued since the reign of Constantine I. |
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Theodora
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o (c. 500–June 28, 548) was empress of the Byzantine Empire and the wife of Emperor Justinian I. Along with her husband, she is a saint in the Orthodox Church, commemorated on November 14.
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Radegund
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o Had imperial background.
o Lived a very Christian life. o She was considered as a Saint. |
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Donation of Pippen
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o The new king forced the Lombards to give some cities back to the pope.
o This arrangement recognized that the papacy was the ruler in central Italy of a territory that had once belonged to Byzantium. o Probably around the time that the papacy had forged the document known as the Donation of Constantine, which declared the pope the recipient of Constantine’s crown, cloak, and military rank, along with “all provinces, palaces, and districts of the city of Rome and Italy and of the regions of the West.” |
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Fief
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o A fee or feud held of a feudal lord.
o Tenure of land subject to feudal obligations. o Grant of land in exchange for service whether it be military or personal. |
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Peace of God
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o Developed around the late 10th century
o Limits the amount of time and land that Lords can fight against. Often associated with the Truce of God. • Truce of God is the time period where you should not fight against anyone. |
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Tithes
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o the tenth part of agricultural produce or personal income set apart as an offering to God or for works of mercy, or the same amount regarded as an obligation or tax for the support of the church, priesthood, or the like.
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Pope Gregory VII
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o 1073-1085
o Important figure o Reform movement is often referred to as the Gregorian Movement. o First incredibly influential pope of the 11th century. o He creates the Dictatus Papae in 1075. o Gregory VII confronts King Henry IV over the idea of investiture. Investiture: causes conflict between King and papacy |
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Laity
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o Everyone else who is not directly associated or working for the church.
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Donatism
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o schismatic movement among Christians of N Africa (fl. 4th cent.), led by Donatus, bishop of Casae Nigrae (fl. 313), and the theologian Donatus the Great or Donatus Magnus (d. 355)
o The schism arose when certain Christians protested the election of the bishop of Carthage, charging that his consecration by Felix, bishop of Aptunga, was invalid because Felix was considered a traditor (i.e., one who turns over sacred books and relics to the civil authorities during a persecution). Condemnation was extended to all in communion with Felix. Behind their objection lay the heresy, familiar to Montanism, apocalyptic movement of the 2nd cent. |
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Constantine
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o Founded a new capital in Byzantium.
o Died in 337. o According to Christians, Constantine founded a new capital because he wanted it to be Christian and not Pagan. o Constantinople was the name of the new capital. |
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Rule of benedict
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o Created 540.
o States that an individual has free will and the ability to make their own decisions. o It was a rule for monks. o Key virtues for the monks: Obedience and authority. o Key duty is the Work of God: must do daily chants. o It is an organized and institutionalized presentation of biblical directives, especially those inspired by the Gospels. |
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Pope Gregory I
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o He was the Bishop of Rome.
o He administers the city and is in charge. o He wrote many influential tracks. o He also wrote the Life of Benedict. o Also wrote the pastoral rule. o He was always active in trying to spread Christianity to Barbaric people. |
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Dhimmi
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known as the protected people
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Pauperes
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o Poor and humble people.
o Idea of submission. o You don’t have the power to fight against people more powerful than you. |
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Carolingians
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o Founded by Charlemagne.
o Frankish noble family. o Greatest empire of the post Roman world. o Named after Charles [Chuck] Martel the Hammer. o At first, the Carolingians were not Kings. Charles and his son Pipen were called upon by the Bishops of Rome around the 750s because of increasing tensions between Rome and Constantinople. The Greeks were pressuring the Bishops to get rid of their idols and accept polytheism. As a result of this, the papacy wrote a letter to Charles and his son to ask for their help because they were the most powerful Christian leaders at that time. Pipen says that they should ask the King for help because they hold the power. Therefore, the bishops anoint them as kings. The Carolingians saw themselves as sacral kings. Pipen and his armies help and invade the Lambard Kingdom. o Carolingians kept order with correctio. Correctio: making it into a better society. o Also, with the Carolingian script [origin for scripts]. They reformed the scripts to write out Holy literature. Latin is the language that the scripts are written in. |
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Castellans
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o Men in the castles that exercise their power over the country side.
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Ottonians
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o By papal invitation, the German king OTTO I came to Italy and ended this constant alternation of power; he was crowned Holy Roman emperor in 962. Shortly after 1000 the Ottonian dynasty fell, leaving in the north a vacuum of power which was later exploited by the local small landowners and town merchants. Meanwhile, local insurrections started weakening the Saracens' hold on the southern coastal cities.
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Doomsday Book
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o It was a way for William, the former duke of Normandy [new King], to keep official records of the amount of land, capital, population, and animal population that was available in his kingdom.
o Everything in this book was accounted for. |
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Pope Urban II
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o He was the next big and important pope after Gregory VII.
o When he came into power, the papacy was in a fight with the German ruler. o As a result of this, the German ruler appointed an anti-pope. o He journeys north of the Alps to Clermont and delivers a sermon in 1095. o In this sermon, he opens with the peace and truce of God. |
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Sacraments
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o Ecclesiastical.
a visible sign of an inward grace, esp. one of the solemn Christian rites considered to have been instituted by Jesus Christ to symbolize or confer grace: the sacraments of the Protestant churches are baptism and the Lord's Supper; the sacraments of the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches are baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist, matrimony, penance, holy orders, and extreme unction. |
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Edict of Milan
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o Written in 313.
o It was not issued at Milan. o Milan was the place where Emperors Constantine and Licinius met to discuss the provisions of what would be promulgated several months later. o Does not state that Christianity is the official religion of Rome. o It does however say that Rome will tolerate other religions even if it does not follow the normal polytheistic practices. o It was written to avoid an appearance of disfavor. o Also was made for the sake of peace. o It benefited the public for security purposes and the common good. |
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Alaric
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o King of the Visigoths (395-410) who plundered Greece in 395 and attacked Italy, conquering Rome in 410.
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Clovis
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o He ruled over the Franks
o He was also a warlord o His wife was a Catholic Christian. o Supposedly, Clovis asked God to help him gain victory in a battle and in return, he would convert into Christianity. o He is victorious and after this, he remains true to his promise and converts to Catholicism. o After this conversion, he breaks down the barrier between the Franks and the local Christians. o He dies 511. o They built a church in Paris for him and put his tomb in it. The church is also dedicated to the Apostles. |
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Divine Offices
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o In the context of monastic life, the day and night were punctuated by eight periods in which the monks gathered to recite a precise set of prayers.
o Each set was called an “Office”, and the cycle as a whole was called the “Divine Office”. o canonical prayers recited daily by priests e.g. the breviary of the Roman Catholic Church |
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Nova Roma
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o The study and restoration of ancient Rome.
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Potentes
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o Men, women, monks, elites, knights [uneducated].
o People who lived off the plow pushers |
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Aachen
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o A city of western Germany near the Belgian and Dutch borders.
o Charlemagne may have been born here in 742. o He later made the city his northern capital. |
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Manor
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o Landed estate or territorial unit, originally of the nature of a feudal lordship, consisting of a lord's demesne and of lands within which he has the right to exercise certain privileges, exact certain fees, etc
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Antichrist
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o A particular personage or power, variously identified or explained, who is conceived of as appearing in the world as the principal antagonist of Christ.
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Dictatus Papae
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o Created by Pope Gregory VII in 1075.
o States that … That the Roman church was established by God alone. That the Roman pontiff alone is rightly called universal. |
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Clermont
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o Place where Pope Urban II preached a sermon that started the crusades.
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City of God
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o According to Augustine, the city of God is not on earth.
o He also defines it as Heaven. |
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Nicaean Creed
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o Stated that Jesus was a part of God since He is the Son of God.
o A council that was called upon by Constantine [the Council of Nicaea] created this creed to solve an argument between the Bishop Alexander of Alexandria and Arius, an Alexandrian priest |
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Clergy
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o Monks
o Bishops o Priests o People who worked for the Church |
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Merovingians
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o Ruling families of the Franks
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Abbott
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o A man who is the head or superior, usually elected, of a monastery.
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Iconoclasm
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o Beliefs, practices, or doctrines of iconoclasts.
Iconoclasts: a person who attacks cherished beliefs, traditional institutions, etc., as being based on error or superstition. |
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Charlemagne
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o His name was Charles “the Great”.
o Most famous Carolingian king. o Large, tough, wily, and devout; many people saw him as the model king. o Invaded Italy, seized the Lombard crown, and annexed northern Italy in 774. o He moved his armies northward, fought with the Saxons for more than 30 years, and forcibly converted them into Christianity and also annexed their territories. o He had loyal men in his armies [which were mostly faithful aristocrats and manned by free men.] o By 800, his kingdom stretched 800 miles east to west, and even more north to south when Italy is counted. o Pope Leo III came to Charlemagne for help due to a controversy that blinded him and almost cost him his tongue. o Charlemagne assisted the Pope and as a result of this, Pope Leo III put an imperial crown on Charlemagne’s head. o After this, Charlemagne was not a Roman emperor crowned by the pope but rather God’s emperor who governed the Roman empire along with his many other duties. o He was very influential and gained much land due to his many conquests. |
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Ban
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o Excommunication or formal condemnation.
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Scriptorium
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o “library”
o Place where monks wrote their manuscripts. |
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Bruges
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o town or city dwellers
o people formed marketplaces in these areas o these little towns also had their own bishops and had self-government o shows the growth and changes that Europe was undergoing |
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Concordat of Worms
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o Solved the Investiture Conflict
o Created in 1122. o Relied on a conceptual distinction between two parts of investiture [spiritual and secular]. o In the spiritual part, the bishop-to-be received the symbols of his office. o In the secular part, the bishop-to-be received the symbols of the material goods that would allow him to function. o Under the Concordat, the ring and staff, symbols of church office, would be given by a churchman in the first part of the ceremony. o Then the emperor or his representative would touch the bishop with a scepter, signifying the land and other possessions that went with his office. |
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Holy Sepulcher
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o Christian church
o The land where is stands supposedly is where Jesus Christ was crucified. o Also, it is supposedly the place where Christ was buried. o It has been an important pilgrimage destination since the 4th century. |
