Medieval Europe

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"Common Law"

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Created in the reign of Henry the 2nd. Royal Justice- law over united England

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abbot

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head of a monestary or abby

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Aquitaine

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Territory in modern day southern France. Eleanor (princess) married Henry 2nd united England and much of France

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aristocracy

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ruling class of royalty, nobility and lord. aka court

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Battle of Tours or Poitier

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Battle between Christian and Muslim forces ending in Christian victory and southern expansion

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Black Death

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Aka plague. Killed a third of peasant class.Carried through rats.

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Capetians

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European descendants of Hugh Capet, original king of France.

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Charles Martel

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Winner of the Battle of Tours halting Islamic expansion into Europe in 732

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Charlemagne

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First emporer (centralized authority) since Roman times. Crowned in Rome in 800 CE.

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Clovis

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leader of Frankish tribes. Coverted to Christianity- 496. United Frankish tribes in 511

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count

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level of English nobility. The title is hereditary.

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Crusades

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a religious war. Commonly, the European Crusades lead to 'recapture Jerusalem' in the 12th century

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duchy

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A fief- territory ruled by duke or dutchess

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duke

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level of European nobility with a hereditary.

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Eleanor of Aquitaine

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Married to Henry the Second ruler of England. Resulted in the unification of Aquitaine and England

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feudalism

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system of governing in which territory is ruled by individual nobles. No centralized government.

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fief

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area of territory ruled by a specific noble. Called a shoen in Japan.

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flying buttress

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element of gothic architecture that allows for higher ceilings in gothic style churchs. Redistributes weight of the ceiling. Also accounts for the usage of stained glass windows

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Franciscans

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Term used to refer to members of the catholic relgious order.

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friar

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1200 onward- at the time of growth of urban communities. Spent time among the people rather than holed away.

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gothic architecture

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style of architecture used after romanesce. Known for flying buttresses, high ceilings, large stained glasses windowns, intricate designs.

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Henry Plantagenet

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aka Henry the 2nd. Ruled in Mid-12th century. Known for the establishment of common law and his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine

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Holy Roman Empire

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Term used to refer to the empire of Europe in the Middle ages and early modern ages

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homage

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term used for the exchange of loyalty from a vassal to a lord

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Hugh Capet

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King of Early France, responsible for it's developement in later years

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Hundred Years' War

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Conflict between England and French kings as to who would hold the throne. Won by the french side in 1453.

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Joan of Arc

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Woman who lead French troops in the Hundred Years' War. Claimed divine inspiration.

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King John

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King of England in late 12th century. Known for cruelty and bad leadership. Forced to sign the Magna Carta

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knights

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fighters on behalf of the nobility. Non-inherited title.

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land tenure

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grant of land for a period of time to a knight

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lord

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term used to refer to someone of noble of birth (a count, dutch, duke, prince). Born with a title

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Magna Carta

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document signed by King John insuring certain rights to the people (really the nobles) said to be the basis of modern day English and American law

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Magyar

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Ethnic group closely associated with Hungry

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manor

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self sufficient community of lord and peasants that farm and trade within that community

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monastery

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community of monks (religious men) that live and learn far removed from the population. Usually, the wealthy non-first borns of noble society.

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monk

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lived in monastary. devoted life to prayer. upper class society. several types with different responsibilities.

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Normandy

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refers to land in nothern day France

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Normans

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People who came down from Nothern territories. Norway.

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Parliament

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Established by Edward the first. Started as an advisory council to the the king of nobles. Became a seperate body that was a check against the king made up of Bishops, Lords and Nobility. Commons- knights, burgesses (wealthy)

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peasant

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someone who works the land

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Philip 2nd Augustus

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Ruled in early 13th century. Fought against King John for control of Normandy weakening him. Also, restructured the French government

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pointed archs

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really...why bother

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Renovatio romani imperi

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Renovation of Imperial Rome- saying used by carolingian empire after the crowning of Charlemagne

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ribbed vault

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top of the columns in gothic architecture

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romanesque

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roman-like in architectural style

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serf

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peasants tied to the land

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Slavs

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Slavic people, people from Hungary, Bulgaria.

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stained glass window

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seriously....

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the papacy

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the...popehood

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vassal

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servant to a lord. Like a knight.

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pope

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religious and secular leader of the church. Bishop of Rome.

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Vikings

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From north. Mixed with Anglosaxon culture to create England. (Also conquered Normandy)

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William the Conquer

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Invaded from Normandy and conquered England and mixed the two cultures. Ensured England would develope with the rest of the continent