Medicines Through The Ages

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900 AD Persian Rhazes

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wrote textbook of medicine in the Middle Ages, Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur

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1500 AD Indians of Mexico

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had a pharmacology that included more than 1200 drugs

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1500 Sarsaparilla Plant

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popular in Europe for use on kidney and blader ailments - today found in teas

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1580 AD Li Shi Zhen

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completed the Pen Tsao Kang Mu - compilation of nearly 2000 drug for use in treating ilness and other conditions

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1630 AD Jesuits use of Quinine

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also called Jesuit powder - first drug to treat malaria

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1000AD - Avicenna - Islamic physician

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wrote a 5 volume encyclopedia - one devoted to natural medications and another to compounding drugs

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1500AD - Paracelsus - Swiss alchemist

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established use of cheistry to create medicinal drugs. First published recipe for the addicive drug laudanum

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1721AD - Dr. Zabdiel Boylston

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first westerner known to administer a smallpox vaccine

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1785AD - British Physician William Withering

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published study of the foxglove plant the drug it contained - digitalis - used in treating heart disease

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1796 Edward Jenner

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successfully used vaccine from the milder cowpox diease to inoculate against smallpox

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1803 Frederich Serturner - German pharmacist

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extracts morphine from opium

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1846 - in Boston

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furst publicized operatin using general anesthesia using ETHER

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1899 - ASpirin

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Acetylsalicylic acid -developed because of difficulties in using salicylic acid - drug from certain willow trees

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1921 - Frederic Banting and Charles Best

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show that an extract of the hormone, insulin, will lower blood sugar in dogs and may be useful to treat diabetes

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1922 - James B. Collip

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develops extract of insulin pure enough to test on humans

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1957 - Albert Sabin

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develops oral polio vaccine using weakened live virus taken orally rather than injected - only injectable for is used to inoculate chilren after Jan 2000 because of risk assoc w/ disease

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1960 - birth control pill

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first birth control pill

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1981 - AIDS

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first documented cases of AIDS

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1987 - AZT

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first drug approved by FDA for AIDs treatment

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1864 - Louis Pasteur

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showed that microorganisms cause food spoilage and that heat can kill them and preserve food. Principle of "germ theory"

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1884 - Carl Koller

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discovers that cocaine, active ingred. in cocoa leaves, was useful as local anesthetis in eye surgery and is established as 1st local anesthetic

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1890 - Antitoxins

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effective antitoxins are developed for diptheria and tetanus

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1928 - Alexander Fleming

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discovers fungus that produces chemical that kills bacteria - Penicillin - 1st antibiotic drug

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1943 - Russell Marker

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create hormone progesterone - 1st reliable birth control drug from species of Mexican yam

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1951 - James Watson and Francis Crick

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identify structure of DNA - basic component within the cell that contains the organism's genetic code

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1955 - Dr. Jonas Salk

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develops refined injectable polio vaccine from killed polio virus - in 1954 - polio had killed more than 13,000 and crippled more than 18,000 Americans

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1988 - Human Genome Project

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began w/ goal of mapping entire DNA sequence in human genome giving better understanding of hereditary diseases and new treatments for them

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1989 - Amgen - biotechnology company

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developed products based on advances in cellular and molecular biology - introduces 1st product - Epogen - anemia treatment for dialysis patients

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1996 - HAART - Highly Active Anti-Retrovira Therapy

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for AIDS treatment -mae of combo of 1 protease inhibitor and 2 antiretro-viral drugs - slows HIV process - 47% decrease in AIDS deaths in 1997

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100 AD - Indian Physician Charaka

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wrote the Charaka Samhita, 1st great book of Indian medicine - described over 500 herbal drugs

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200 BC - Shen Nung Pen Tsao

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1st official Chines "herbal" - lists 365 herbs for use in health treatment - early forerunner to FDA approved drug list

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100 BC - King Mithridates of Pontos

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practiced early form of immunization by taking small amounts of poison so he could build a tolerance to them. He developed the potion, Mithridaticum - promoted good health - used for 1500 yrs

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77 BC - Dioscorides - Greek physician

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wrote the De Materia Medica - 5 books that described over 600 plants and their healing properties - he described aspirin and how to get opium from poppies

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162 AD - Greek physician Galen

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greatest name in Western medicine - elieved there were 4 "humours" in man needing to be in balance for good health - he advocated "bleeding" to assist the balance. believed the Cornerstone for Western medicine - application of scientific approach to medicine and emphasis on education, observation and logic

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4000 BC - Sumerians

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studied stars and animal intestines to divine man's fate and physical condition

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3000 BC - Egyptian Imhotep

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priest and advisor to pharoahs - 1st physician known by name. Later named a demi-god and then a god:the Egyptian God of medicine

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500 BC - Grek Alcmaeon

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student of Pythagorus - saw diseases as result of loss of body's natural equilibrium rather than work of gods

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3000 BC - Chinese Emperor Shen Nung

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began tasting plants and other natural materials to determine which were poisonous and beneficial. One of 1st known practitioners of "trial and error" drug testing - established hundreds of herbal meds

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1500 BC - Papyrus Ebers

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most complete record of ancient Egyptian medicine and pharmacology. 1100 page scroll document - includes 800 prescriptions using 700 drugs - mostly derived from plants

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600 BC - Aesculapius, the Greek god of Medicine

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established centers where medicine was practiced. early clinics for training of Greek physicians

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400 BC - Hippocrates

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medical documents written by diff. greek physicians - Hippocratic oath - conduct of physicians - avoids supernatural and religious and that medicine is grounded in scientific reasoning and close observation of the patient

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Greek Aesculapius

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physician that could keep his patients from dying and even raise them from the dead - killed by Zeus with lightning bolt - then named him God of medicine - his daughter - Panacea - became goddess of medicinal herbs