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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a side-effect?
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Any effect other than the one intended. These side-effects may be of positive, neutral or negative nature.
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Definition of a drug
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Any Substance, natural or synthetic that, by chemical nature has an influence on the body
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What can drugs have an effect on?
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Incoming Senses, Mood/Emotions, Psychological State of Consciousness, Activity Levels, Muscular Coordination
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What methods of administering drugs are there?
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Oral administration, Injection, Suppositeries, Inhalation
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What is the placebo effect?
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Phermalogical effect on a person who have been given a "placebo" drug rather than an active drug. When the drug is given the subject thinks the drug is working. In reality the drug is inert and has no effects on the body. The subject gets better through bilieving the placebo will cure them.
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What is the full-form of OTC?
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Over the counter
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What is an agonist?
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A chemical substance that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter being increased in the brain.
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What is an autacoid?
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A 'local' hormone that is released and acts on nearby cells
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What is a medicine?
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Any Drug that leads to an improvement in health
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Where are histamines found and what do they do?
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in the stomach as a stimulator of gastric juice production AND in white blood cells that respond to allergic reactions with breathlessness and watery eyes
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What is an agonist?
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A drug that binds to the receptor and induces changes that trigger a response
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What is an antagonist?
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A Drug that binds to the receptor and induces changes that do not trigger a response
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what are psychotherapeutics?
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used to control mental problems/illnesses
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what is a depressant?
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leads to relaxation/depresses the condition. e.g alcohol
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what are stimulant?
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result in wakefullness/sense of well being e.g amphetamines, narcotics and analgesics
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what are hallucinogens?
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produce altered perception e.g LSD
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What are some examples of autacoids?
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Histamine, Serotonin and Prostaglaoins
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What is the therapeutic window?
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The ratio of LD50 to ED50
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what is metabolic tolerance?
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increase in liver activity to deal with substance
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what is functional tolerance?
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chnages in the central vrevous system to reduce drugs effects
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What are the three depths of injection?
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intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously
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Tolerance towards a drug occurs when...
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a larger dose of the drug is required in order to achieve the effects originally obtained by a smaller dose
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list the 3 possiblities of communication between cells and explain
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neurotransmission (neuron passes chemical signal on to other nerve cells) , hormonal (hormones released from endocrine gland, carried by blood to target organ), autacoid (local hormones act on nearby cells)
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What are suppositories made of?
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waxy polymers, that slowly melt at body temperature
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What are designer drugs?
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Drugs created by modifying the structure of an amphetamine.
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Stages of developing a drug:
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1. Lab animal testing 2. Initial trial on humans 3. Testing for effeciancy (side effects) 4. Extensive trialing 5. Review by drug admin
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What types of tolerance are there?
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Acute and chronic tolerance
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What is a designer drug?
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Drugs deprived by chemically altering restricted/illegal drugs by underground chemists. Usually more dangerous than the original
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Why was Thalidomide banned?
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Women who took it for morning sickness during pregnancy, gave birth to babies with limb deformities
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What are OTC-medications?
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over-the-counter medications do not require a prescription (e.g aspirin)
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What is acute tolerance?
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Tolerance that occurs within one exposure to the drug, it is less common than chronic tolerance
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What is the effective dose, as opposed to the lethal dose?
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The effective dose is the dose required to bring about a noticeable effect in 50% of the population, as opposed to the lethal dose is the dose required to kill 50% of the population, also known as LD50.
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What happens in terms of permeability to the cell membrane during neurotransmission?
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Permeability changes of target cell membrane to allow Na, K, Ca, Cl ions to move into the cell
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what does invitro tests involve?
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do NOT involve animals (cells in grown culture)
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How does chronic tolerance occur
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occurs gradually with repeated use of drug
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How can selection bias be prevented in clinical trials?
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Through randomization of subjects and the use of single or double blinds
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What is chemotherapy?
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Treatment of disease by chemicals
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What is significant about ecstacy?
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A class of drug accociated with "raves". Commonly known as Ecstacy or MDMA. The high increases sense of pleasure, self-confidence and booster energy.
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What do Prostaglanins do?
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control gastric acidity, labour, blood platelets, pain, fecer, inflammation and bronchoconstriction
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What is chronic tolerance?
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Tolerance that occurs gradually as the drug is taken repeatedly
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What is a moeity
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A specific segment of a molecule
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Which autacoid neurotransmittor does ecstasy damage in the brain
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Neurotransmitter releasing Serotonin
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What does LD50 represent?
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Lethal dosage which would cause a 50% death rate in subjects
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what is an advantage of in vitro testing?
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both cheaper and quicker
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What is ED50
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the dosage for eliciting effect in 50% of subjects
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what is the high caused by MDMA (ecstasy)?
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enhanced sense of pleasure and self-confidence, increased level of energy. Users also feel peacefulness, acceptance and empathy
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Define side-effects
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Any effect other than the intended effect of drug treatment, these may be negative, positive or neutral
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What is a prodrug
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A drug that is taken in its inactive form
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effects of ecstasy
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enhanced sense of pleasure, self confidence, and increased energy
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What is enteric coating and why is it done?
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To stop the gastric acid in the stomach from breaking the drugs down
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what is cross tolerance?
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when a tolerance to one drug results in the tolerance for another
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What are some examples of Depressants?
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Alcholor (helps and leads to relaxation of nerve system)
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What is the placebo effect?
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Placebos=inert chemicals used as control for clinical drug testing. Placebo effect = Placebos trigger natural healing processes in the body through beliefs and hope
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Why is oral administration sometimes ineffective?
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Stomach acid hydrolyses many drugs before being digested
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Where does morphine come from?
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The Opium Poppy
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What are the three types of injection?
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intravenous (into the vein), intramsucularly (into the muscle), subcutaneously (under the skin)
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What are natural products?
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Chemical compounds that are seperated from living organisms for example trees and plants.
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what does the LD50 : ED50 ratio tell you?
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the therapeutic window
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Which coating do orally administered tablets have and how does this work in the small intestine?
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enteric coating (acid resistant polymer) in the small intestine HCO3- is secreted to neutralize acidity and enteric coatings dissolve in neutral/ slightly acidic pH
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Counteraction to Ecstasy
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Prozac, Vitamins C and E
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When and where was Thalidomide introduced?
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Germany, 1957.
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What did Thalidomide do?
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It was used as a hypnotic and sedative against morning sickness. It resulted in phocornelia in children and peripheral neuropathy
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What are designer drugs?
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chemically modified restricted or illegal drugs
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what time of drug administration requires a pressurized delivery device?
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inhalation
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How does ecstacy detiriarate your health?
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MDMA or Ecstacy deaths have most commonly been found of dehydration, kidney or heart faliure.
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Placebo is latin for:
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"I shall please"
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what does OTC stand for in pharmaceuticals?
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over the counter drugs
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what do depressants at low dosages lead to?
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relaxation (e.g. alcohol)
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how are the problems ecstasy causes treated?
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Prozac, Vitamin E & C
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Prodrugs are used particularly for...
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toxic anti-cancer drugs
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What is the risk-to-benefit ratio?
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The ratio balancing risk of taking a drug, including side-effects, with the benefits garnered from the drug.
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What are magic bullets?
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Drugs that kill toxins but keep the host unharmed
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What is OTC?
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(Over the counter) Medicines that do not require prescription. For example, Aspirin and paracetamol.
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what are the benefits of oral administration?
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simple, cheap
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What happens before clinical testing?
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analysis of chemical and physical properties. ANimal testing!
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What occurs in initial studies?
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drugs are given to a small amount of human patients to assess safety and dosage
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what doe tetrogenetic drugs do?
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produce serverly malformed fetuses (thalidomide)
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esity in
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Unwanted repercussions from taking a drug.
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What occurs after initial studies?
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Patients with disease are given drugs to seee if improvements occur
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What is neurotransmission?
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a nerve cell (neuron) passing a chemical signal to another nerve cell or to a muscle or gland cell.
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What problems does MDMA cause?
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Psychological: confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, anxiety,... Physical: muscle tension, nausea, increase in heart rate and blood pressure, faintness, sweating
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through what vein do drugs which are absorbed from the small intestine pass through when headed to the liver?
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hepatic portal vein
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What does LD50 stand for?
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drug concentration that kills 50% of the test subject
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Why don't doctors use the term "drugged" rather use the term "medicated"?
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Becuase there is a negative connotation to drugged than medicated.
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What are possible problems with oral administration?
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strong acidic gastric juices will hydrolise many drugs, enzymes in liver break down many drugs
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What are amphetamines?
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A sympathomimetic drug, which means it mimics the effect if stimulation on the sympathetic nervous system, that is chemically related to adrenaline and were used to treat narcolepsy during WWII and obesity during the 50s and 60s.
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How are problems in testing minimized?
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randomization, blind and double-blind testing
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What is randomization?
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people are selected randomly for control and test groups. Reduces "selection bias".
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What is the definition of pharmocology
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the study of interactions of drugs with cells in the human body
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what was viagras original purpose and what was an unpredicted side-effect?
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Viagra was originally deisgned to treat heart disease, prolonged erections were an unexpected side effect
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Name one drug that cannot be given by mouth and state why
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Insulin, it is a protein and would be broken down by the acid and enzymes present in gastric juice
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what group does MDMA belong to?
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phenylalkylamines
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What structure is a phenylalkylamine
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a benzene ring linked to an alkylamine
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what are clinical trials/tests?
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recording of results in patients being administered the drug and comapring them to a group given a placebo.
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What is Serotonin and where is it produced?
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Serotonin is produced in the gastric mucosa and in certain neurons of the central nervous system. It helps control sleep and vomiting
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Stimulants result in:
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wake-fullness and a sense of well being (e.g. narcotics)
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What effects might a drug have?
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altering incoming sensory perceptions, altering mood or emotions, altering physiological sate of body, altering activity levels or muscular condition
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What are antacids?
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Simple bases, such as metal acids, hydroxides, carbonates or hydrogen carbonates, that combat indigestion by neutralizing the acid,"", oreventing inflammation, relieveing pain and discomfort and allowing the mucus layer and stomach lining to mend eg. Al(OH)3, NaHCO3, CaCO3, milk of magnesia (mixture of MgO and Mg(OH)2)
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What is blinding?
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when patients and doctors do not know which group they are in (control and test)
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What is parallel synthesis / combinatorial chemistry?
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small reactive molecules that may bond with other small reactive molecules to form chemical compounds
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How are synthetic products made?
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Through parallel synthesis or combinational chemistry (the systematic bonding of 'blocks' - small reactive compoments)
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What patients are toxic drugs tested on?
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volunteer patients who actually have the disease
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What are antidepressants?
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A synthetic chemical drug used to increase seratonin levels in the brain.
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How long does it approximately take until a new drug is on the market?
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10 years
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Why are drugs often taken at mealtimes?
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Drug composition can be minimized by taking the drug at mealtimes (the pH is higher, less acidic)
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Which combination of drugs can be lethal?
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morphine and alcohol
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What are unwanted side-effects of morphine?
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drowsiness, slow breathing, mental confusion, seizures, nausea, constipation, desensitization of the medulla oblangata-->slower lung ventilation
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What is an example of a teratogenetic drug?
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Thalidomide. It ahs no effect on rats and mice but cause heavily malformed fetuses in humans.
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What is morphine? WHere does it come from?
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narcotic, powerful and addictive painkiller, from opium poppy
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Psychological problems casued by ecstasy
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confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving and severe anxiety/paranoia
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Physical symptoms caused by ecstasy
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muscle tension, nausea, blurred vision, faintness, sweating, increased heart and blood pressure
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What are bacterium?
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A micro-organism that is made up of a compound mixture of proteins, sugars and lipids and contains a single chromosome consisting of DNA in each cell.
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Positive side-effects from morphine?
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sense of euphoria
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What is used against constipation?
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laxatives, stimulate bowel contractions
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What is the high recieved from ecstacy?
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Self-confidence, Boost of energy, sense of pleasure, self-acceptance and empathy.
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What is Histamine and where is it produced?
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Histamine is produced in the gastric mucosa and stimulates juice production, It may also be relaesed by white blood cells in the lungs as a response to allergic reactions
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Inhalation: give an example
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Ventolin for asthma patients to dilate bronchioles (pressurized device sprays fine mist of liquid drug)
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Where are the drugs absorbed when administrated orally?
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absorbed in small intestine (large surface area through villi)
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What are prodrugs?
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Drugs that are activated by enzymes in lthe liver (e.g toxic anti-cancer drugs)
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What is meant by the term "In the living"?
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Testing on living animal subjects (rats, dogs, hamsters, ginue pigs, mice and sometimes cats)
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