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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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HIPPOCRATES-500BC |
-GREEK -wrote Hippocratic collection for him and his followers -created Hippocratic oath -used observation and analysis -believed in the four humours |
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GALEN
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-ROMAN -believed in the theory of opposites which developed the idea that opposite humours to counter balance other humours. -discovered brain controls speech and arteries and veins carry blood -noticed difference invanimal and human anatomy BUT -thought blood was consumed -thought that there were holes in the septum. |
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PARE-1500s
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-RENAISSANCE -battle surgeon who treated gunshot wounds -ran out of boiling water so made a roman paste out of turpentine, rose oil and egg yolk. -used ligatures instead of a cauterising iron to stop bleeding -he wrote notes on surgery and disproved Galen BUT -ligatures caused infections |
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VERSALIUS-1500s
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-RENAISSANCE -did human dissections (Galen couldn't due to religious reasons) -wrote books based on findings with diagrams ("Fabrica of the human anatomy"-1543) -pointed out Galen's mistakes that there were no holes in the septum and the jaw bone is in one part -robbed graves for the bodies |
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HARVEY-1500s
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-RENAISSANCE -discovers the circulation of blood disproving Galen's idea that blood is consumed. -spots differences between arteries and veins -writes "An anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood" -this allows them to discover blood groups 1901 |
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JENNER-1790s
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-1750-1900 -injected James Phipps in 1796 with pus from cowpox sores and then injected him with smallpox and he didn't get the disease. -developed the first vaccine. -ideas were copied by Koch and Pasteur 50 years later. BUT-couldn't explain how it worked and he was worried about side effects and costs. |
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SIR HUMPHRY DAVY
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-1750-1900 -discovered it reduced the sensation of pain -he suggested it for dentists and surgical operations BUT-did not make patients completely unconscious -nor used widely as his findings were published in a book that was not well-known and had an obscure name |
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J.R. LISTON
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-used as an anaesthetic during a leg amputation. BUT-irritated eyes and lungs -caused coughing, sickness and smelt vile. |
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JAMES SIMPSON-1847 |
-1750-1900 -inhaled chloroform and were knocked out when with his friends. -very effective and used during childbirth and operations -government supported use -queen used it during childbirth and praised it-Simpson was a good speaker so could persuadepeople BUT- could kill people if over used -discovered by chance so people didn't see the knowledge behind it -religious people didn't agree as they thought pain was sent by God -fighters in war thought it was unmanly |
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IGNAZ SEMMELWEISS-1847
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-1750-1900 -made people wash hands before entering maternity ward -stopped infection which is more likely to kill a pregnant women rather than pain. BUT-faced opposition because people didn't know about germs so wouldn't realised that infection could be spread by not washing hands |
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JOSEPH LISTER
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-1750-1900 -heard that carbolic acid spray was used on sewage which had a similar smell to gangrene -he had read the work of Pasteur on germ theory and was prepared to take risks. BUT- lister's method slowed down surgery which caused more bleeding and the spray was uncomfortable to use as it cracked skin. -surgeons didn't copy the methods correctly so were disappointed in results. -germ theory was nor widely accepted until 1857 (made theory into a joke) |
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ROBERT KOCH
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-1750-1900 -better way of growing germs (petri dish and agar jelly) -identified bacteria which caused disease -stained bacteria so he could see them easily through a microscope -identified germs that caused anthrax, blood poisoning and TB. -scientists copied methods. BUT-did not develop treating and preventing disease |
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LOUIS PASTEUR-chicken cholera and anthrax vaccine
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-used Koch's work to find new microbes and fight them -he looked for cures for anthrax and chicken cholera. -Chamberland forgot to inject the chickens before his holiday and when he returned he injected them with the germs. -they survived when they were injected with the fresh germs. -the weakened cholera had made the chickens immune from the disease |
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EDWIN CHADWICK-1842
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-asked by the government to report on the living conditions and health of the poor. -he concluded that poverty was caused by ill health caused by bad living conditions -he said that ratepayers can cut taxes by looking after the poor and spending money. -organise drainage and refuse collenction -provide a pure water supply -appoint a medical officer of health -in 1848, after a cholera outbreak a non compulsory health act was made to try and improve it by giving local authorities money to improve it. -compulsory in 1875 |
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JOHN SNOW-1854
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-proved a link between cholera and water in broad street because of a crack in the cesspool contaminating the water. -he put pressure on water companies to clean up the water supplies BUT-couldn't work out how to stop it |
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LOUIS PASTEUR-1857
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-proved germs in the air by sterilising water and keeping it in a flask that didn't allow particles to enter, but water with an open flask let microbes in. -took Jenner and Koch's work further and developed vaccines for cholera, anthrax and rabies. -produced germ theory (1861) which stopped people from blaming bad smells for disease. BUT-did not prove that germs caused disease in humans and couldn't develop specific germs |
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JOSEPH BAZALGETTE-1858
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-human waste made its way into Thames and hot weather caused it to stink. -prompted parliament to sort the sewage and drainage system and to clean up thames. -within a year he had began to build up a sewage system that is still in operation today |
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FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE-1860
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-from a wealthy background and became a nurse despite her family -during Crimean war she made huge improvements in ward hygiene by setting and running a military hospital -set sanitary commission by Lord Palmerstone to improve ventillation and sewers -she returned to England and started improving hospitals there. -published book notes on nursing -work affected nursing extremely as made nurses trained better |
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MARY SEACOLE-1860s
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-showed people how to deal with cholera -volunteered her services to an army and treated gunshot wounds (even tho=poor) -during Crimea she set up "British Hotel" to provide food and soldiers to army and treated wounds on the battlefield. -cinnamon tea -after Crimea she returned to Britain with no money and published her memoirs but no one tried to use/learn from them. |
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PAUL EHRLICH
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-part of Koch's research team. -stained bacteria and observed effects. -looked to treat syphilis -killed disease causing microbes BUT-could kill patient and destroy organs -salvarsan 606 was difficukt to use |
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FLEMING-1928
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-discovered penicillin when he came to clean some dishes that he was growing bacteria on and by chance a fungal spore had grown on the dish and the bacteria around it had stopped growing. -he identified the fungal and called it penicillin. -it produces a substance that kills bacteria BUT-he gave up his research as he didn't get the results he hoped for. |
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FLOREY AND CHAIN-1944
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-became interested in Flemings work and gathered a team of researchers. -three days after WW2 they asked for money to fund the research, British turned them down -they tested it on mice and the ones with penicillin survived. -used humans in 1941 to treat septicaemia but after the penicillin ran out he died -went to USA for money to fund mass prodution |
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WILLIAM BEVERIDE-1942
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-put forward a plan to reform medical services -led to the creation of the NHS in 1948 -his idea was that all services were free including doctors, dentists and nurses which should be paid by the government and not local taxes -cradle to grave |
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ANEURIN BEVAN-
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-able to persuade the government to agree with the report -able to convince patients and doctors to join by promising them a salary and allowing them to treat private patients as well. BUT-the move to NHS would cost millions -doctors feared they would loose money |
