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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The progressive narrowing and degeneration of the arteries of the neck, abdomen and extremities
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Peripheral Arterial Disease - PAD
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Thickening or hardening of the arterial wall is called
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ARTERIOsclerosis
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gradual thickening of intima and media of arteries leading to progressive narrowing of vessel lumen
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atherosclerosis
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What are some risk factors of Atherosclerosis?
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SMOKING
HYPERLIPIDEMIA HTN DM |
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Atherosclerosis is caused by the formation of ________ - partial or total occlusion, deprives oxygen and nutrients to all lower extremities
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Placque
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the majority of Peripheral Arterial Diseases are caused by
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Atherosclerosis
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Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease have a 4-5 times greater risk of dying of a cardiovascular event such as a stroke or MI
t/f |
true
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largest artery branches off to ALL major organs...affected by PVD
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Aorta
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distal end of the aorta and iliac arteries, ABOVE inguinal ligament
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INFLOW
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what is the most common cause of CAD Caratoid Artery Disease?
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Atherosclerosis
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BELOW superficial femoral artery
Femerol Popliteal Tibial arteries |
OUTFLOW
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Approx 88 percent of all strokes are ischemic in nature and result from what?
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an artherothrombotic event
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supplies oxygenated blood to all vital organs of the blood?
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aorta
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the internal lining of the aorta
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intima
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the middle lining of aorta
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media
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out coating of aorta
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wall
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out pouching dilation of the wall - most found in abdomen - this is higher in MALE SMOKERS - can be asymptomatic
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Aortic Aneurysm
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Aortic aneursym that is uniform in shape is called
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fusiform
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aortic aneurysm shaped like a pouch with a narrow neck is called
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saccular
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Aortic Aneurysms can be heard by hearing what?
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a bruit or pulsating mass
LEFT of umbilical Midline - DO NOT PALPATE.. |
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a disruption of all layers of wall resulting in bleeding that iscontained by surrounding structures
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pseudo aneurysm
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where is most Aortic Aneurysm pain located?
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in the BACK
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pt is experiencing diaphoresis (sweating), paleness, weakness, tachycardic, low BP, abdominal, back , groin pain, change in consciousness, PULSATING AB MASS what is happening
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rupturing
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what is the best way to tell a rupture?
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GRAYS TURNER (eccymosis on the sides) helps show rupture
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if abdomen is > 6 cm, a rupture will occur in
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one year
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a rupture all in one area is called
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posterior rupture
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a rupture that is the most dangerous because of BLEEDING is
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anterior rupture
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diagnostic studies for AA
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xray
cat scan yearly ultrasound |
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first treatment for aortic aneurysm is
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treat by decreasing aortic stress
with duiretics or drugs |
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surgical repair of AA involves
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incise diseased segment
remove plaque insert a graft SUTURE the natureal wall around graft |
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what is an important thing to meausre post op surgery for AA
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BLOOD PRESSURE
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post op AA =
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BP not too high or low
iv fluids hydration perfusion assess paralytic illeus NPO/NGT assess graft occlusion |
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what is a major sign of a PARALYTIC ILLEUS which should be chcecked post op
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ABSENT BOWEL SOUNDS
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ascending repair is in what areas
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caratoid
radial temperal pulses |
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descending repair is in what areas
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femoral
popliteal tibial dorsalis pedis pulses |
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an intimal tear, altered tissue perfusion to major branches organs
higher in males causes RIPPING PAIN, TEARING |
aortic dissection
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most common TEAR =
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thoracic
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most common rupture =
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abdomen
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life threating, fluid presses on the heart, a severe complication of aortic dissection
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Cardiac Tamponade
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how do you FIRST treat a aortic aneurysm
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with drugs and diurectics
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SURGERY for AA only recommended with what
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TEAR OR RUPTURE
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occlusion of artery - affecting lower extremtites (aortoilliac, femoral, popliteal, tibial, pereonal arteries)
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PAD / LE
Peripheral arterial disease of LE |
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what is the most common OCCLUDED area?
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FEMORAL/POPLITEAL is the most common occluded area
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what is the classic symptom of P.A.D. of LE - ISCHEMIC MUSCLE ACHE PRECIPTATED BY CONSISTENT LEVEL OF EXERCISE - RELIEVED WITH REST!!!!!
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INTERMITTANT CLAUDICATION
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claudication of calf, feet and ankle is known as
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Femoral /Popliteal (OUTFLOW)
lower pain |
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claudication of buttocks, thighs
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Aortoilliac (INFLOW)
higher pain |
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a patient with PAD has shiny, taut, thin skin, decreased hair growth, thickened toe nails
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a patient with PAD has diminished or absent pulses(pedal,popliteal,femoral)
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redness of foot when hung in a dependant position is known as
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DEPENDANT RUBOR
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Pallor or blanching with elevation is known as
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ELEVATION PALLOR
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Major symptom of P.A.D. - increased pain with excercise that is releived by REST
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intermittant claudication
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a complication of PAD is damage to the skin and muscles is known as
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ischemia
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not enough o2, Blackens , is a complication known as
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tissue necrosis
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a patient with DIABETES MELLITUS tends to develop arterial disease where
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below the knee, opposed to normal PAD which is most commonly in the Femoral Popliteal area.
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you must first assess blood flow, use doppler or ultrasound...what is the FIRST COMPLAINT usually?
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Intermittent Cautication
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WHAT IS THE NUMBER ONE WAY TO DECREASE TISSUE PERFUSION
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QUIT SMOKING
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what kind of drugs are used for treatment of PAD
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antiplatelets(asa, plavix), zocar (antihyperlipdemia)
pletal, terental (anticlaudication) |
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what is used in femoral artery to increase perfusion, this is an interventional radiology
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STENTS, BALLOONS
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pain that does not go away with rest, requires what?
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surgery
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native vein/synthetic graft (Fem/pop bypass) a good vein threaded in to increase circulation is called
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Peripheral Arterial Bypass
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surgery that opens artery, removes plaque, sew a patch to open the lumen
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Patch Graft ANOROPLASTY
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open artery, remove obstructing plaque
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Endarectomy
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last resort surgery, gangrene and osteomyelitis (bone infection)
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amputation
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a sudden interruption of blood flow is known as
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acute arterial ischemia
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what is a clot of the heart, an inflammatory process damages the arterial wall. begins with ischemia of small, distal arteries and veins, to proximal arteries.
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Thromboangitis Obliterans (BUERGERS)
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episodic disorder of small cutaneous arteries, involving the fingers and toes causing color change and decreased perfusion
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raynauds phenomenon
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a right side clot in the lungs is usually a
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Pulmonary Embolysm
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what is the most common cause of acute arterial ischemia
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a left side clot
embolization of thrombus from heart muscle (MI, A-FIB,prostetic valve, valve disease) |
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Left side of heart clot =
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systemic circulation
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6 SYMPTOMS OF OCCLUSSION
These are the best way to asses CIRCULATION |
PAIN
PALLOR PULSELESSNESS PARESTHESIA PARALYSIS POILOLTHERMIA(COOL) |
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In what type of patients would you do a comprehensive ciruclation assessment?
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cardiac CAD
ortho (fracture/trauma) Diabetes PAD /PVD history cardiac cath/stent/graphs |
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a rrare nonartherosclerotic, vaso occlusive disease of the small and medium arteries and veins, nerves of upper lower extremities
ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING HIGHER IN MEN |
THromboangitis Obltierans (BUERGERS)
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symptoms of BUERGERS/THROMBO =
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intemrittent claudication of feet hands and arms LEADING TO REST PAIN = BADDDDDDD
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buegers/thromboangitis is a progressive disease affecting what?
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legs and foot
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what helps to determine how acute P.D. is?
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ABI
Ankle brachial Index arm systolic divided by ankle systolic |
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The BEST TREATMENT FOR BUERGERS/THROMBOANGITIS DISEASE IS
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QUIT SMOKING
advanced cases = amputation |
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a vasospatic disorder of small arteries involving fingers and toes
HIGHER IN WOMEN Diagnosed TWO YEARS AFTER SYMPTOMS |
REYNAUDS PHENOMEN
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REYNAUDS symptoms
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pallor leading to CYANOSIS
coldness, numbness throbbing pain precipitated by COLD , EMOTIONAL UPSET, CAFFEINE AND TOBBACO. |
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BUERGERS IS MOST COMMON IN
AND IS HEREDITARY |
MEN
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REYNAULDS IS MOST COMMON IN AND IS HEREDITARY
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WOMEN
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The best way to increase circulation and STOP progression of BERGERS/Thromboangitis is to
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QUIT SMOKING
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