Medical Terminology Lymph And Immune

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lymph

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fluid in the lymph system contains lymphocytes and monocytes (both leukocytes) as well as water, salts, sugar, wastes, and less protein than blood

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interstitial fluid

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fluid that surrounds body cells into lymph capillaries where it becomes lymph

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functions of lymphatic system

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1. drainage of leaked proteins and fluid back into bloodstream
2. absorb lipids from small intestine and transport them to blood stream
3. immune/defense

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functions of the spleen

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1. destruction of old erythrocytes by macrophages (liberating hemoglobin, which is converted to bilirubin in the liver and excreted into bile
2. filtration of microorganisms and foreign material from blood
3. activation of lymphocytes by antigens filtered from the blood
4. storage of blood, esp. erythrocytes and platelets

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thymus gland

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lymphatic organ in upper mediastinum between lungs

lymphoid cells on connective tissue

allows body to develop tolerance for autogenic cells

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natural immunity

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immunity that is inherited

phagocytes such as neutrophils migrate to site of infection and ingest bacteria; proteins are released that cause localized inflammation; monocytes and macrophages move in to clear out debris

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acquired immunity

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developed immunity after exposure to an antigen

B and T lymphocytes

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B lymphocytes

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produce antibodies when exposed to specific antigens; come from bone marrow stem cells;
when confronted with a specific antigen, it becomes an antibody producing cell known as a plasma cell;
plasma cells produce antibodies called immunoglobulins which block antigens

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T lymphocytes

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come from bone marrow stem cells;
processed in thymus glad/acted on by thymic hormones
when encountering an antigen, T cells multiply rapidly to produce cells that destroy a specific antigen
may react to transplants/grafts

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types of T lymphocytes

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cytotoxic T cells: attach to antigens and kill them, and produce proteins called cytokines that aid in the destruction of antigens (such as interferons and interleukins)

helper T cells: promote responses of B and T cells to neutralize antigens

Suppressor T cells: regulate B and T cell activity to stop the immune response when an antigen has been destroyed

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monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)

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antibodies created in a lab to attack specific cancer cells

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ana-

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again, anew

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severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID)

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congenital immune deficiency/small thymus
children have no protection against infection

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Common opportunistic infections associated with AIDS

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candidiasis (fungal)
cryptococcal (fungal)
cryptosporidium (parasitic)
cytomegalovirus
herpes simplex
histoplasmosis (fungal)
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex
pneumocystis pneumonia
toxoplasmosis
TB

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malignancies associated with AIDS

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Kaposi sarcoma (lining cells of capillaries)
lymphoma

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Hodgkin disease

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malignant lymphoma of lymphoid tissue in spleen and nodes

SIGNS
lymphadenopathy
splenomegaly
fever
weakness
loss of weight
lack of appetite

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multiple myeloma

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tumor of plasma cells with high levels of immunoglobulins (usually IgG)

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CD4+ count

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measures number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in blood in pt. with AIDS

Normal: 500-1500 cells per microliter
treat below 250/200

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ELISA

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screening to detect anti-HIV antibodies; may appear w/in 2 weeks of infection

confirm with Western blot

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immunoelectrophoresis

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separates different immunoglobulins

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viral load test

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measurement of amount of HIV in blood stream