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236 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 components of the blood
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erythrocytes
platelets leukocytes plasma |
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agglutin/o
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clumping
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bas/o
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base
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chrom/o
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color
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coagul/o
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clotting
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eosin/o
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rosy red
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erythro/o
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red
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fibrin/o
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fibers, fibrous
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granul/o
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granules
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hem/o
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blood
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hemat/o
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blood
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leuk/o
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white
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morph/o
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shape
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neutr/o
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neutral
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phag/o
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eat, swallow
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sanguin/o
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blood
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thromb/o
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clot
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-apheresis
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removal, carry away
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-cytosis
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more than the normal number of cells
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-emia
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blood condition
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-globin
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protein
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-penia
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abnormal decrease, too few
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-phil
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attracted to
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-poiesis
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formation
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-stasis
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standing still
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How much blood circulates throughout the body?
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about 5L
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Blood is a mixture of cells floating in watery ___
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plasma
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Blood cells are referred to as ___
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formed elements
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What are the 3 kinds of formed elements?
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erythrocytes (rbc's)
leukocytes (wbc's) platelets |
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Blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow by a process called ___
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hematopoiesis
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What 2 parts of blood are responsible for transporting substances?
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plasma
erythrocytes |
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What part of blood protects the body from invading microorganisms?
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leukocytes
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What part of blood plays a role in controlling bleeding?
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platelets
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What are the 3 most common plasma proteins?
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fibrinogen
albumin globulins |
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What is the most common type of globulin?
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gamma globulin
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What is fibrinogen?
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a blood-clotting plasma protein
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Erythrocytes (rbc's) have no nucleus and are therefore considered ___
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enucleated
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Why are rbc's red in color?
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they contain hemoglobin, which is an iron-containing pigment
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What is the life span of erythrocytes?
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about 120 days
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What part of the rbc cannot be reused and is a waste product disposed of by the liver?
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bilirubin
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What are the 5 types of leukocytes?
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basophils
eosinophils neutrophils monocytes lymphocytes |
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What are the 2 classifications of leukocytes?
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granulocytes
agranulocytes |
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Leukocyte that releases histamine and heparin to damaged tissues (granulocyte)
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basophil
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Leukocyte that destroys parasites and increases during allergic reactions (granulocyte)
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eosinophil
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Leukocyte that is important for phagocytosis; most numerous of the leukocytes (granulocyte)
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neutrophil
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Leukocyte that is important for phagocytosis (agranulocyte)
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monocyte
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Leukocyte that plays several different roles in immune response (agranulocyte)
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lymphocyte
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A ___ is a cell that has the ability to ingest and digest bacteria and other foreign substances
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phagocyte
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What are the 3 leukocytes that have granules in their cytoplasm (granulocytes)?
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basophils
eosinophils neutrophils |
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What are the 2 leukocytes that do not have granules in their cytoplasm (agranulocytes)?
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monocytes
lymphocytes |
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___, the modern term for thrombocyte, refers to the smallest of all the formed blood elements
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platelet
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Platelets play a critical role in the blood-clotting process or ___. They ___ or clump together into small clusters when a blood vessel is cut or damaged.
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hemostasis
agglutinate |
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Platelets release a substance called ___, which, in the presence of calcium, reacts with ___, a clotting protein in the blood, to form ___
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thromboplastin
prothrombin thrombin |
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Thrombin works to convert ___ to ___, which eventually becomes the meshlike blood clot
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fibrinogen
fibrin |
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A laboratory test that determines if donated blood will be compatible with the recipients blood
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blood typing
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What are the 2 most important subgroups of blood markers?
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ABO system
Rh factor |
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A person with type A blood will produce ___, a person with type B blood will produce ___
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anti-B antibodies
anti-A antibodies |
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If a person has markers for both type A and type B in their blood their blood type would be ___, and does not contain any antibodies
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type AB
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A person without an A or B marker in their blood has a blood type of ___
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O
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Blood type that is considered the universal donor
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O
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The blood type that is the universal recipient
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type AB
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An ___ person may receive both an Rh+ and an Rh- transfusion, while an ___ person may only receive blood froman Rh- donor
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Rh+
Rh- |
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fiber producing
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fibrinogen
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destruction of fibers
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fibrinolysis
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pertaining to fibers
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fibrinous
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blood protein
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hemoglobin
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blood destruction (2 terms)
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hemolysis
hemolytic |
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rapid flow of blood
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hemorrhage
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blood specialist
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hematologist
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pertaining to blood (2 terms)
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hematic
sanguinous |
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red cell
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erythrocyte
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white cell
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leukocyte
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clotting cell
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thrombocyte
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granular cell
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granulocyte
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nongranular cell
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agranulocyte
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too many red cells
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erythrocytosis
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too many white cells
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leukocytosis
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too many clotting cells
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thrombocytosis
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too few red cells
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erythropenia
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too few white cells
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leukopenia
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too few clotting cells
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thrombopenia
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too few of all cells
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pancytopenia
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red cell producing
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erythropoiesis
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blood producing
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hematopoiesis
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white cell producing
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leukopoiesis
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clotting cell producing
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thrombopoiesis
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The hard collection of fibrin, blood cells, and tissue debris that is the end result of hemostasis or the blood-clotting process
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blood clot
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To convert from a liquid to a gel or solid
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coagulation
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A general term indicating the presence of a disease affecting blood
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dyscrasia
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The branch of medicine that specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the blood
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hematology
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The collection of blood under the skin as the result of blood escaping into the tissue from damaged blood vessles. Commonly referred to as a bruise.
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hematoma
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To stop bleeding or the stagnation of blood flow through the tissues
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hemostasis
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A transfusion of only the formed elements and without plasma
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packed cells
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Refers to the mixture of both plasma and formed elements
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whole blood
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Hereditary blood disease in which blood-clotting time is prolonged due to a lack of one vital clotting factor. it is transmitted by a sex-linked trait from females to males, appearing almost exclusively in males
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hemophilia
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Condition of having too high a level of lipids such as cholesterol in the bloodstream. A risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
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hyperlipidemia
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Having bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream. Commonly referred to as blood poisoning
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septicemia
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A large group of conditions characterized by a reduction in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; results in less oxygen reaching the tissues
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anemia
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Severe form of anemia that develops as a consequence of loss of functioning red bone marrow. Results in a decrease in the number of all the formed elements. Treatment may eventually require a bone marrow transplant.
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aplastic anemia
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An anemia that develops as the result of the excessive loss of erythrocytes
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hemolytic anemia
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The destruction of a patient's erythrocytes that occurs when receiving a transfusion of an incompatible blood type. aka a transfusion reaction
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hemolytic reaction
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Anemia resulting from having insufficient hemoglobin in the erythrocytes. Named because the hemoglobin molecule is responsible for the dark red color of the erythrocytes.
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hypochromic anemia
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Anemia that results from having insufficient iron to manufacture hemoglobin
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iron-deficiency anemia
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Anemia associated with insufficient absorption of vitamin B12 by the digestive system.
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pernicious anemia
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Production of too many red blood cells by the bone marrow. Blood becomes too thick to easily flow through the blood vessels.
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polycythemia vera
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A genetic disorder in which erythrocytes take on an abnormal curved shape. These cells are fragile and are easily damaged, leading to a hemolytic anemia
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sickle cell anemia
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A genetic disorder in which the body is unable to make functioning hemoglobin, resulting in anemia
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thalassemia
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Cancer of the wbc forming red bone marrow resulting in a large number of abnormal and immature wbc's circulating in the blood
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leukemia
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Sample of blood is incubated in the lab to check for bacterial growth. If bacteria are present, they are identified and tested to determine which antibiotics they are sensitive to
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blood culture and sensitivity (C & S)
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Conbination of blood tests including: rbc count, wbc count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, wbc differential, and platelet count
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complete blood count (CBC)
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Blood test to determine the rate at which mature rbc's settle out of the blood after the addition of an anticoagulant. This is an indicator of the presence of an inflammatory disease
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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Blood test to measure the volume of rbc's within the total volume of blood
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hemoglobin
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Blood test to determine the number of platelets in a given volume of blood
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platelet count
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A measure of the blood's coagulation abilities by measuring how long it takes for a clot to form after prothrombin has been activated
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prothrombin time
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Blood test to determine the number of erythrocytes in a volume of blood. A decrease in rbc's may indicate anemia; an increase may indicate polycythemia
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red blood cell count
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Examination of a specimen of blood for abnormalities in the shape of the erythrocytes. Used to determine diseases like sickle cell anemia
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red blood cell morphology
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Machine for doing multiple blood chemistry tests automatically
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sequential multiple analyzer computer (SMAC)
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Blood test to measure the number of leukocytes in a volume of blood. An increase may indicate the presence of infection or a disease such as leukemia. A decrease in wbc's may be caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy
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white blood cell count
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Blood test to determine the number of each variety of leukocytes
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white blood cell differential
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Sample of bone marrow is removed by aspiration with a needle and examined for diseases such as leukemia or aplastic anemia
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bone marrow aspiration
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Incision into a vein in order to remove blood for a diagnostic test. Also called venipuncture
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phlebotomy
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Procedure for collecting and storing a patients own blood several weeks prior to the actual need. It can then be used to replace blood lost during a surgical procedure
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autologous transfusion
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Artificial transfer of blood into the bloodstream
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blood transfusion
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Patient receives red bone marrow from a donor after the patient's own bone marrow has been destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy
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bone marrow transplant (BMT)
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Replacement of blood by transfusion of blood received from another person
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homologous transfusion
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Method of removing plasma from the body without depleting the formed elements. Whole blood is removed and the cells and plasma are separated. The cells are returned to the patient along with a donor plasma transfusion
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plasmapheresis
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Substance that prevents blood clot formation. aka blood thinners
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anitcoagulant
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Substance that prevents or stops hemorrhaging; a hemostatic agent
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antihemorrhagic
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Substance that interferes with the action of platelets. Prolongs bleeding time. Used to prevent heart attacks and strokes
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antiplatelet agents
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Substance that increases the number of erythrocytes or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood
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hematinic
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Term meaning able to dissolve existing blood clots
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thrombolytic
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What are the organs of the lymphatic and immune system (5)?
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lymph nodes
lymphatic vessels spleen thymus gland tonsils |
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The ___ consists of a network of lymph vessels that pick up excess tissue fluid, cleanse it, and return it to the ___. It also picks up fats that have been absorbed by the ___
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lymphatic system
circulatory system digestive system |
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The ___ fights disease and infections
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immune system
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adenoid/o
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adenoids
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immun/o
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protection
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lymph/o
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lymph
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lymphaden/o
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lymph node
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lymphangi/o
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lymph vessel
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path/o
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disease
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splen/o
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spleen
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thym/o
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thymus
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tonsill/o
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tonsils
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tox/o
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poison
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-globulin
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protein
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Excess tissue fluid, once it's inside a lymphatic vessel is referred to as ___
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lymph
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Lymph vessels around the small intestines, called ___, are able to pick up absorbed fats for transport
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lacteals
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Lymphatic vessels begin as very small ___ in the tissues
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lymphatic capillaries
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Lymphatic vessels are in a very low pressure system, so these vessels have ___ along their length to ensure that lymph can only move forward toward the thoracic cavity
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valves
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The lymphatic vessels drain into one of two ___, the ___ and the ___
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lymphatic ducts
right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct |
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___ are small organs composed of lymphatic tissue located along the route of the lymphatic vessels.
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Lymph nodes
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Lymph nodes, aka ___, house lymphocytes and antibodies and therefore work to remove pathogens and cell debris as lymph passes through them on its way back to the thoracic cavity
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lymph glands
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These lymph nodes drain arms and shoulder region; cancer cells from breasts may be present
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axillary
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These lymph nodes drain the head and neck; may be enlarged during upper respiratory infections
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cervical
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These lymph nodes drain the legs and lower pelvis
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inguinal
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These lymph nodes drain the chest cavity
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mediastinal
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The ___ are collections of lymphatic tissue located on each side of the throat (or pharynx)
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tonsils
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What are the 3 sets of tonsils?
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palatine tonsils
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) lingual tonsils |
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The ___, located in the LUQ of the abdomen, consists of lymphatic tissue that is highly infiltrated with blood vessels
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spleen
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The vessels of the spleen spread out into slow-moving ___
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blood sinuses
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What are the 3 functions of the spleen?
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1. Filters out and destroys old RBC's
2. Recycles the iron 3. Stores some of the blood supply for the body |
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In the spleen, phagocytic ___ line the blood sinuses to engulf and remove pathogens
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macrophages
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The ___, located in the upper portion of the mediastinum, is essential for the proper development of the immune system
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thymus gland
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The thymus glands' hormone, ___, changes lymphocytes to T lymphocytes (T cells), which play an important role in the immune response
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thymosin
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___ is the body's ability to defend itself against pathogens
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Immunity
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What are the 2 types of immunity?
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Natural immunity
Acquired immunity |
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___ or ___ are special types of active acquired immunity. Instead of actually being exposed to the infectious agent and having the disease, a person is exposed to a modified or weakened pathogen that is still capable of stimulating the immune response but not actually causing the disease
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Immunizations or vaccinations
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What are the 2 types of acquired immunity?
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Active and Passive
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Foreign proteins called ___ stimulate the immune response
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antigens
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The immune response consists of 2 distinct and different processes, they are ___ and ___
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humoral immunity (antibody-mediated immunity) and cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity)
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Humoral immunity refers to the production of ___, which respond to antigens by producing a protective protein called an ___
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B lymphocytes (B cells)
antibody |
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Antibodies combine with the antigen to form an ___
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antigen-antibody complex
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Cellular immunity involves the production of T cells and ___, which are ___, meaning they physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells
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natural killer (NK) cells
cytotoxic |
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An infection acquired at a hospital is referred to as a ___
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nosocomial infection
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What does OSHA stand for?
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Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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adenoidectomy
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removal of the adenoids
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adenoiditis
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inflammation of the adenoids
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immunologist
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immunity specialist
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lymphadenectomy
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removal of a lymph gland
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lymphadenopathy
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lymph gland disease
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lymphangiogram
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record of lymph vessels
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lymphangioma
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lymph vessel tumor
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lymphoma
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lymph tumor
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lymphatic
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pertaining to lymph
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pathogenic
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disease producing
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pathology
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study of disease
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splenectomy
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removal of spleen
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splenomegaly
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enlarged spleen
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thymectomy
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removal of the thymus
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thymoma
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thymus tumor
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tonsillar
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pertaining to tonsils
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tonsillectomy
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removal of tonsils
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tonsillitis
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inflammation of the tonsils
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An antigen that causes an allergic reaction
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allergen
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a physician who specializes in testing for and treating allergies
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allergist
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Hypersensitivity to a common substance in the environment or to a medication
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allergy
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A disease resulting from the body's immune system attacking its own cells as if they were pathogens
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autoimmune disease
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Appearance of wheals as part of an allergic reaction
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hives
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Virus that causes AIDS; aka retrovirus
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human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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Having an immune system that is unable to respond properly to pathogens
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immunocompromised
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Antibodies secreted by the B cells.
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immunoglobulins
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A branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases and other disorders of the immune system
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immunology
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The tissues' response to injury from pathogens or physical agents. Characterized by redness, pain, swelling, and feeling hot to touch
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inflammation
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Edema appearing in the extremities due to an obstruction of the lymph flow through the lymphatic vessels
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lymphedema
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infectious diseases associated with patients who have compromised immune systems and therefore a lowered resistance to infections and parasites
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opportunistic infections
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Severe itching associated with hives, usually linked to food allergy, stress, or drug reactions
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urticaria
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Life-threatening condition resulting from a severe allergic reactions
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anaphylactic shock
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Inflammation, obstruction, and destruction of the lymph vessels resulting in enlarged tissues due to edema
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elephantiasis
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Cancer of the lymphatic cells found in concentration in the lymph nodes
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Hodgkin's disease
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Inflammation of the lymph nodes (swollen glands)
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lymphadenitis
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Acute infectious disease with a large number of abnormal lymphocytes. Caused by Epstein-Barr virus. Abnormal liver function may occur
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mononucleosis
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Cancer of the lymphatic tissues other than Hodgkin's lymphoma
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non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)
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Disease involving a defect in the cell-mediated immunity system. A syndrome of opportunistic infections occurring in the final stages of infection with the HIV
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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Early stage of AIDS
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AIDS-related complex (ARC)
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Serious complication of bone marrow transplant. Immune cells from the donor bone marrow attack the recipient's tissues
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graft vs. host disease
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Form of skin cancer frequently seen in patients with AIDS
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Kaposi's sarcoma
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Pneumonia common in patients with AIDS that is caused by infection with an opportunistic parasite
|
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
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Disease of unknown cause that forms fibrous lesions commonly appearing in the lymph nodes, liver, skin, lungs, spleen, eyes, and small bones of the hands and feet
|
sarcoidosis
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Disease seen in children born with a nonfunctioning immune system.
|
severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS)
|
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A blood test for an antibody to the AIDS virus.
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enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
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Test used as a backup to the ELISA blood test to detect the presence of the antibody to HIV (AIDS virus) in the blood
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western blot
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X-ray taken of the lymph vessels after the injection of dye into the foot. The lymph flow through the chest is traced
|
lymphangiography
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Test for infectious mononucleosis
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monospot
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Form of allergy testing in which the body is exposed to an allergen through a light scratch in the skin
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scratch test
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Giving a patient an injection of immunoglobulins or antibodies in order to treat a disease
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immunotherapy
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Exposure to a weakened pathogen that stimulates the immune response and antibody production in order to confer protection against the full-blown disease
|
vaccination, aka immunization
|
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Removal of a lymph node. This is usually done to test for malignancy
|
lymphadenectomy
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Blocks the effects of histamine released by the body during an allergic reaction
|
antihistamine
|
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A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that has very strong anti-inflammatory properties. Particularly useful in treating autoimmune diseases
|
corticosteroids
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Blocks certain actions of the immune system. Required to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ
|
immunosuppressants
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Inhibits protease, an enzyme viruses need to reproduce
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protease inhibitor drugs
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Inhibits reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed by viruses to reproduce
|
reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs
|
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Another name for platelets
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thrombocytes
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How many erythrocytes are there per cubic mm of blood?
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about 5 million
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How many leukocytes are there per cubic mm of blood?
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about 8,000
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How many platelets (thrombocytes) are there per cubic mm of blood?
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200,000 to 300,000
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