Medical Terminology Chapter 2

Front 1

Ventral

Back 1

Refers to the belly or underside of a body or body part

Front 2

Dorsal

Back 2

Refers to the back; Also refers to the cranial surface of the manus (front paw) and pes (rear paw).

Front 3

Cranial

Back 3

Toward the head

Front 4

Caudal

Back 4

Toward the tail

Front 5

Anterior

Back 5

Front of the body

Front 6

Posterior

Back 6

Rear of the body

Front 7

Rostral

Back 7

Nose end of the head

Front 8

Cephalic

Back 8

Pertaining to the head

Front 9

Medial

Back 9

Toward the midline

Front 10

Lateral

Back 10

Away from the midline

Front 11

Superior

Back 11

Uppermost, above, or toward the head (used more commonly in bipeds)

Front 12

Inferior

Back 12

Lowermost, below, or toward the tail (used more commonly in bipeds)

Front 13

Proximal

Back 13

Nearest the midline or nearest the begining of a structure

Front 14

Distal

Back 14

Farthest from the midline or farthest from the beginning of a structure

Front 15

Superficial

Back 15

Near the surface; also called external

Front 16

Deep

Back 16

Away from the surface; also called internal

Front 17

Palmar

Back 17

The caudal surface of the manus (front paw) including the carpus (from teh antebrachial joint distally)

Front 18

Plantar

Back 18

The caudal surface of the pes (rear paw) including th tarsus (from the tibiotarsal joint distally)

Front 19

Midsaggital plane

Median plane

Midline

Back 19

The plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves.

Front 20

Saggital plane

Back 20

The plane that divides the body into unequal right and left parts.

Front 21

Dorsal plane

Frontal plane

Coronal plane

Back 21

The plane that divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly) parts.

Front 22

Transverse plane

Horizontal plane

Cross-sectional plane

Back 22

The plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts.

Front 23

-logy

Back 23

The study of

(ex - Physiology is the study of body functions)

Front 24

Anatomy

Back 24

The study of body structure

Front 25

Physiology

Back 25

The study of body functions

Front 26

physi/o

Back 26

means nature

Front 27

Pathology

Back 27

The study of the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions

Front 28

path/o

Back 28

means disease

Front 29

Pathophysiology

Back 29

The study of changes in function caused by desease

Front 30

Etiology

Back 30

The study of diseases

Front 31

eti/o

Back 31

means to cause

Front 32

-logist

Back 32

specialist

Front 33

cardi/o

Back 33

heart

Front 34

dermat/o

Back 34

skin

Front 35

Dental arcade

Back 35

How teeth are arranged in the mouth

Front 36

Arcade

Back 36

means a series of arches, which is how the teeth are arranged in the oral cavity

Front 37

How are the surfaces of the teeth named?

Back 37

They are named for the area in which they contact.

Front 38

Lingual surface (teeth)

Back 38

The aspect of the tooth that faces the tongue; more specifically, the tooth surface of the mandible that faces the tongue.

Front 39

Palatal surface (teeth)

Back 39

The tooth surface of the maxilla that faces the tongue

Front 40

Buccal surface

Vestibular surface

(teeth)

Back 40

The aspect of the tooth that faces the cheek

Front 41

Occlusal surface (teeth)

Back 41

The aspects of the teeth that meet when the animal chews

Front 42

Labial surface (teeth)

Back 42

The tooth surface facing the lips

Front 43

Contact surface (teeth)

Back 43

The aspects of the tooth that touch other teeth

Front 44

Mesial contact surface (teeth)

Back 44

The one closest to the midline of the dental arcade or arch

Front 45

Distal contact surface (teeth)

Back 45

The one furthest from the midline of the dental arcade or arch

Front 46

Cavity

Back 46

A hole or hollow space in the body that contains and protects the internal organs.

Front 47

Cranial cavity

Back 47

The hollow space that contains the spinal cord within the spinal column

Front 48

Thoracic cavity

Chest cavity

Back 48

The hollow space that contains the heart and lungs within the ribs between the neck and diaphragm

Front 49

Abdominal cavity

Back 49

The hollow space that contains the major organs of digestion located between the diaphragm and the pelvic cavity

Front 50

Peritoneal cavity

Back 50

The hollow space within the abdominal cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum.

Front 51

Pelvic cavity

Back 51

The hollow space that contains the reproductive and some excretory systms' (urinary bladder and rectum) organs bound by the pelvic bones

Front 52

Abdomen

Back 52

The portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis containing the abdominal cavity

Front 53

Thorax

Back 53

The chest region located between the neck and the diaphragm

Front 54

Groin

Inguinal area

Back 54

The caudal region of the abdomen adjacent to the thigh

Front 55

Membranes

Back 55

Thin layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or an organ

Front 56

Peritoneum

Back 56

The membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavites. It covers some organs in this area.

Front 57

Parietal peritoneum

Back 57

The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Front 58

Visceral peritoneum

Back 58

The inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs

Front 59

Peritonitis

Back 59

Inflammation of the peritoneum

Front 60

Umbilicus

Navel

Back 60

The pit in the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered the fetus

Front 61

Mesentery

Back 61

The layer of the peritoneum that suspends parts of the intestine in the abdominal cavity

Front 62

Retroperitoneal

Back 62

means superficial to the peritoneum

Front 63

Recumbent

Back 63

means lying down

Front 64

Dorsal recumbency

Supine

Back 64

Lying on the back

Front 65

Ventral recumbency

Sternal recumbency

Prone

Back 65

Lying on the belly

Front 66

Left lateral recumbency

Back 66

Lying on the left side

Front 67

Right lateral recumbency

Back 67

Lying on the right side

Front 68

Adduction

Back 68

Movement toward the midline

Front 69

Abduction

Back 69

Movement away from the midline

Front 70

Flexion

Back 70

Closure of a joint angle, or reduction of the angle between two bones

Front 71

Extension

Back 71

Straightening of a join anglet or an increase in the angle betwen two bones

Front 72

Hyperflexion

Back 72

When the joint is flexed too far; The palmar or plantar movement of the joint angles.

Front 73

Hyperextension

Back 73

When a joint extends too far; The dorsal movement of the joints beyone the reference angle.

Front 74

Supination

Back 74

The act of rotating a limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned upward (not as commonly used in vet settings)

Front 75

Pronation

Back 75

The act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned downward (not as commonly used in vet settings)

Front 76

Rotation

Back 76

Circular movement around an axis

Front 77

cyt/o

Back 77

Cell

Front 78

Cells

Back 78

Specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs

Front 79

Cytology

Back 79

The study of cells

Front 80

Protoplasm

Back 80

The cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

Front 81

-plasm

Back 81

means formative material of cells

Front 82

prot/o

Back 82

first

Front 83

Cell membrane

Plasma membrane

Back 83

The structure lining the cell that protects the cell's contents and regulates what goes in and out of the cell.

Front 84

Cytoplasm

Back 84

The gelatinous material located in the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus. It is highly organized and contains organelles suspended in it that are the functional machinery of the cell.

Front 85

Nucleolus (organelle)

Back 85

Produces RNA that forms ribosomes

Front 86

Centrioles (organelle)

Back 86

rod-shaped organelles that maintain cell shape and move chromosomes during cell replication

Front 87

Mitochondria (organelle)

Back 87

Energy producers of the cell

Front 88

Golgi apparatus (organelle)

Back 88

Chemical processor of the cell

Front 89

Endoplasmic reticulum (organelle)

Back 89

Collection of folded membranes that may contain ribosomes, known as rough endoplasmic reticulum, which synthesize protein. Or it may be void of ribosomes, known as smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which synthsizes lipids, and some carbohydrates.

Front 90

Ribosomes (organelle)

Back 90

Site of protein synthesis

Front 91

Vacuoles (organelle)

Back 91

Small membrane-bound organelles containing water, food, or metabolic waste

Front 92

Lysosomes (organelle)

Back 92

Digestive system of the cell

Front 93

Nucleus

Back 93

The structure in a cell that contains the nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and the surrounding membrane

Front 94

Nucleoplasm

Back 94

The material in the nucleus

Front 95

Chromosomes

Back 95

The structures in the nucleus composed of DNA that transmits genetic information

Front 96

Genetic

Back 96

Denotes something that pertains to genes or heredity

Front 97

Genetic disorder

Back 97

Any inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes

Front 98

Congenital

Back 98

Something that is present at birth

Front 99

Anomaly

Back 99

A deviation from what is considered normal (may be used instead of defect)

Front 100

Tissue

Back 100

A group of specialized cells that is similar in structure and function

Front 101

Epithelial tissue

Epithelium

Back 101

Covers internal and external body surfaces and is made up of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements.

Front 102

Epi-

Back 102

above

Front 103

Thel/o

Back 103

means nipple but is now used to denote any thin membrane

Front 104

-um

Back 104

means structure

Front 105

Endothelium

Back 105

The cellular covering that forms the lining of the internal organs, including the blood vessels (part of the epithelium)

Front 106

Endo-

Back 106

means within

Front 107

Mesothelium

Back 107

The cellular covering that forms the lining of serous membranes such as the peritoneum (part of the epithelium)

Front 108

meso-

Back 108

means middle

Front 109

Connective tissue

Back 109

Adds support and structure to the body by holding the organs in place and binding body parts together

(ex - Bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue found in tendons and ligaments, loose connective tissue, and blood)

Front 110

Adipose tissue

Back 110

Form of connective tissue known as fat

Front 111

Adip/o

Back 111

means fat

Front 112

Muscle tissue

Back 112

Tissue type that contains cell material with the ability to contract and relax. There are 3 types in animals: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

Front 113

Nervous tissue

Back 113

Contains cells with the ability to react to stimuli and conduct electical impulses

Front 114

-plasia

Back 114

Describes formation, development, and growth in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

Front 115

-trophy

Back 115

Means formation, development, and growth of the size of an organ or a tissue or individual cells

Front 116

Anaplasia

Back 116

A change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other

Front 117

Aplasia

Back 117

Lack of development of an organ or a tissue or a cell

Front 118

Dysplasia

Back 118

Abnormal growth or development of an organ or a tissue or a cell

Front 119

Hyperplasia

Back 119

Abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or a tissue

Front 120

Hypoplasia

Back 120

Incomplete or less than normal development of an organ or a tissue or a cell

Front 121

Neoplasia

Back 121

Any abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive. Neoplasms usually form a distinct mass of tissue called a tumor.

Front 122

Benign

Back 122

Tumor that is not recurring

Front 123

Malignant

Back 123

Tumor that tends to spread and be life threatening

Front 124

-oma

Back 124

tumor or neoplasm

Front 125

Atrohy

Back 125

Decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ or tissue or cell

Front 126

Dystrophy

Back 126

Defective growth in the size of an organ or tissue or cell

Front 127

Hypertrophy

Back 127

Increase in the size of an organ or tissue or cell

Front 128

a-

Back 128

without

Front 129

hypo-

Back 129

less than normal

Front 130

hyper-

Back 130

more than normal

Front 131

dys

Back 131

bad, painful

Front 132

ana-

Back 132

without

Front 133

neo-

Back 133

new

Front 134

Glands

Back 134

Groups of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body

Front 135

Aden/o

Back 135

gland

Front 136

Exocrine gland

Back 136

Groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances into ducts that lead out of the body or to another organ

(ex - sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and the portion of the pancreas that secretes digestive chemicals)

Front 137

Endocrine gland

Back 137

Groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances directly into the bloodstream, which transports them throughtout the body. They are ductless.

(ex - thyroid gland, pituitary gland, and the portion of the pancreas that secretes insulin)

Front 138

Organ

Back 138

Part of the body that performs a special function or functions.

Front 139

lateral

Back 139

means pertaining to the side

Front 140

oste/o

oss/e

Back 140

bones

Front 141

arthr/o

Back 141

joints

Front 142

chondr/o

Back 142

cartilage

Front 143

my/o

Back 143

muscles

Front 144

fasc/i

fasci/o

Back 144

fascia

Front 145

ten/o

tend/o

tendin/o

Back 145

tendons

Front 146

arteri/o

Back 146

arteries

Front 147

ven/o

phleb/o

Back 147

veins

Front 148

hem/o

hemat/o

Back 148

blood

Front 149

lymph/o

Back 149

lymph vesselss, fluid, and nodes

Front 150

tonsil/o

Back 150

tonsils

Front 151

splen/o

Back 151

spleen

Front 152

thym/o

Back 152

thymus

Front 153

nas/o

rhin/o

Back 153

nose or nares

Front 154

pharyng/o

Back 154

pharynx

Front 155

trache/o

Back 155

trachea

Front 156

laryng/o

Back 156

larynx

Front 157

pneum/o

pneumon/o

pulm/o

pulmon/o

Back 157

lungs

Front 158

or/o

stomat/o

Back 158

mouth

Front 159

esophag/o

Back 159

esophagus

Front 160

gastr/o

Back 160

stomach

Front 161

enter/o

Back 161

small intestine

Front 162

col/o

colon/o

Back 162

large intestine

Front 163

hepat/o

Back 163

liver

Front 164

pancreat/o

Back 164

pancreas

Front 165

ren/o

nephr/o

Back 165

kidneys

Front 166

ureter/o

Back 166

ureters

Front 167

cyst/o

Back 167

urinary bladder

Front 168

urethr/o

Back 168

urethra

Front 169

neur/o

neur/i

Back 169

nerves

Front 170

encephal/o

Back 170

brain

Front 171

myel/o

Back 171

spinal cord

Front 172

ophthalm/o

ocul/o

opt/o

opt/i

Back 172

eyes

Front 173

optic/o

Back 173

sight

Front 174

ot/o

audit/o

aud/i

Back 174

ears

Front 175

aur/i

aur/o

Back 175

external ear

Front 176

acoust/o

acous/o

Back 176

sound

Front 177

dermat/o

derm/o

cutane/o

Back 177

skin

Front 178

adren/o

Back 178

adrenals

Front 179

gonad/o

Back 179

gonads

Front 180

pineal/o

Back 180

pineal

Front 181

pituit/o

Back 181

pititutary

Front 182

thyroid/o

thyr/o

Back 182

thyroid

Front 183

orch/o

orchi/o

orchid/o

testicul/o

Back 183

testes

Front 184

ovari/o

oophor/o

Back 184

ovaries

Front 185

hyster/o

metr/o

metr/i

metri/o

uter/o

Back 185

uterus

Front 186

uni-

mono-

Back 186

one

Front 187

duo-

bi-

dyo-

Back 187

two

Front 188

tri-

Back 188

three

Front 189

quadri-

quadro-

tetr-

tetra-

Back 189

four

Front 190

quinqu-

quint-

pent-

penta-

Back 190

five

Front 191

sex-

hex-

hexa-

Back 191

six

Front 192

sept-

septi-

hex-

hexa-

Back 192

seven

Front 193

octo-

oct-

octa-

Back 193

eight

Front 194

novem-

nonus-

ennea-

Back 194

nine

Front 195

deca-

decem-

dek-

deka-

Back 195

ten

Front 196

Skeletal system

Back 196

Function: support and shape, protects internal organs, hematopoiesis, mineral storage

Front 197

Muscular system

Back 197

Function: locomotion, movement of body fluids, body heat generation

Front 198

Cardiovascular system

Back 198

Function: via pumping mechanism delivers oxygen, nutrients, electrolytes, and hormones to tissue, transports cellular waste from body, transports immune cells and antibodies

Front 199

Lymphatic and immune systems

Back 199

Function: provide nutrients to and remove waste from tissues, protect the body from harmful substances and invading pathogens

Front 200

Respiratory system

Back 200

Function: brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells, removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from teh body

Front 201

Digestive system

Back 201

Function: digests ingested food, absorption of digested food, elimination of solid waste

Front 202

Urinary system

Back 202

Function: filters blood to remove waste, maintains electrolyte balance, regulates fluid balance

Front 203

Nervous system and special senses

Back 203

Function: coordinating mechanism, reception of stimuli, transmission of messages

Front 204

Integumentary system

Back 204

Function: protection of body, regulate body temperature and water content

Front 205

Endocrine system

Back 205

Function: integrates body functions, homeostasis, and growth with chemicals called hormones

Front 206

Reproductive system

Back 206

Function: production of new life