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127 Cards in this Set
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Afferent |
Carry or move inward or toward a central structure
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The term afferent refers to certain arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
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Blood Brain Barrier
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Protective mechanism that blocks specific substances found in the blood-stream from entering delicate brain tissue
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Network of nervous tissue found in the brain and spinal cord
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Efferent
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Carry or move away from a central structure
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The term afferent refers to certain arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
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Nerve Fiber
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Projection of a neuron, especially the axon, that transmits impulses
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Dendrites
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Receive and carry impulses to cell body
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Axons
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Carry impulses from cell body
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Myelin Sheath
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White lipid covering of the axon, acts as electrical insulator
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Saltatory Conduction
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Brain
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Center for thought and emotion, interpretation of sensory stimuli, and coordination of body functions
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Spinal Cord
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Main pathway for transmission of information between the brain and the body
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Cranial Nerves
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Includes 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the base of the skull and may act in either a motor capacity, sensory, or both
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Spinal Nerves
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Includes 31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spine and may act in either a motor capacity, sensory, or both
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Agnosia
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Inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations even though the sensory sphere is intact
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Asthenia
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Weakness, debility, or loss of strength
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Asthenia is a characteristic of multiple sclerosis
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Ataxia
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Lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement
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Ataxia may be a result of head injury, stroke, MS, alcoholism, or a variety of hereditary disorders
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Aura
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Premonitory awareness of an approaching physical or mental disorder; peculiar, sensation that precedes seizures
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autism
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Developmental disorder characterized by the extreme withdrawal and abnormal absorption in fantasy, usually accompanied by the inability to communicate even on a basic level
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A person with autism may engage in repetitive behavior, such as rocking or repeating words
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Closed head trauma
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Injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed
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In closed head trauma, the injury site may occur at the impact site, where the brain hits the inside of the skull (coup) or at the rebound site, where the opposed side of the brain strikes the skull (countercoup)
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Coma
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Abnormally deep unconsciousness with absence of voluntary response to stimuli
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concussion
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Injury to the brain, occasionally with transient loss of consciousness as a result of injury or trauma to the head
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Delayed symptoms may include headache, nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision
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convulsion
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Any sudden and violent contraction of one or more muscles
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dementia
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Broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment
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dyslexia
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Inability to learn and process written language, despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure
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Guillain-Barre Syndrome
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Autoimmune disorder that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerve in which myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerves impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness
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This disease usually follows a viral gastrointestinal or respiratory infection, stress, or trauma. The muscle weakness involves the entire body and the patient may temporarily require respiratory support until the inflammation subsides
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Herpes zoster
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Painful, acute infectious disease of the posterior root ganglia of only a few segments of the spinal or cranial nerves, also called shingles
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Caused by same organism that causes chicken pox, usually resolves in 10 days to 5 weeks, disease is self limiting
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Huntington chorea
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Inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration
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Onset of huntington chorea is usually ages 30 to 50
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Hydrocephalus
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accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure (ICP), thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones
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Lethargy
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Abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli, also called sluggishness
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neurosis
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Nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior
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A child who has been consistently been earned of "germs" by an overprotective parent may later develop an irrational fear of using public restrooms, for example, or touching doorknobs
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Palsy
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Paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor
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Bell Palsy
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Facial paralysis caused by functional disorder of the 7th cranial nerve, associated with the herpes virus
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Cerebral Palsy
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Type of paralysis that affects movement and body position and, sometimes, speech and learning ability
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Cerebral palsy (CP) commonly occurs as a result of trauma to the brain during childbirth
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Paralysis
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Loss of voluntary motion in or or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation
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Strokes and spinal cord injuries are common causes of paralysis. Strokes usually affect only one side of the body. Spinal cord injuries result in paralysis below the site of the injury
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Hemiplegia
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Paralysis of one side of the body, typically as a result of a stroke, also called unilateral paralysis
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Paraplegia
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Paralysis of both lower limbs, typically as a result of trauma or disease of lower spinal cord
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Quadraplegia
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Paralysis of both arms and legs, typically as a result of trauma or disease of the upper spinal cord
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psychosis
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Major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meeting challenges of daily life
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spina bifida
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Defect in which the neural tube fails to close during embryogensis
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spina bifida is a birth defect that includes meningocele, meningomyelocele, and occulta.
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meningocele
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form of spina bifida in with the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine
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Cervial Vertebrae
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C1 - C7
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Thoracic Vertebrae
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T1 - T12
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Lumbar Vertebrae
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L1 - L5
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Myelomeningocele
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Most severe form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine
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Occulta
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Form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin
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Paresthesia
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Sensation of numbness, prickling, or heightened sensitivity
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Paresthesia can be caused by disorders affecting the CNS, such as stroke, transient ischemic heart attack, multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, and encephalitis
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Poliomyelitis
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Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
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Polio is preventable with standard vaccinations administered to children
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Reye Syndrome
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Acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the brain, liver and possibly the pancreas, heart, kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes
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Reye syndrome is usually seen in children younger than the age of 15 who had an acute viral infection. Mortality in Reye syndrome may be as high as 80%. The use of aspirin by children experiencing chicken pox or the flu may induce Reye Syndrome
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sciatica
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Severe pain in the leg along the corse of the sciatic nerve felt at the base of the spine, down the thigh, and radiating down the leg due to a compressed nerve
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Syncope
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Temporary loss of consciousness due to the sudden decline of blood flow to the brain, also called fainting
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Vasovagal Syncope
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Syncope due to the drop in blood pressure brought on by the response of the nervous system to an abrupt emotional stress or trauma
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Tonic-clonic seizure
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General type of seizure characterized by the loss of consciousness and stiffening of the body (tonic phase) followed by rhythmic, jerking movements (clonic phase)
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Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
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temporary interference with blood supply to the brain lasting from a few minutes to a few hours
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Symtoms of TIA include numbness or weakness in the extremities, especially on one side of the body, confusion or difficulty in talking or understanding speech; visual impairment, dizziness, loss of balance, and difficulty walking
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
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Recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses
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Different wave patterns in the EEG are associated with normal and abnormal waking and sleeping states. They help diagnose conditions as tumors, infections, and seizure disorders
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electromyography (EMG)
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Recording of electrical signals (action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraption to asses nerve damage
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in the EMG, an electrode interred into a muscle records impulses and displays them on a monitor
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Lumbar puncture
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Needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids (such as radio-opaque) to be injected, also called spinal puncture or spinal tap
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nerve conductivity velocity (NCV)
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test that measures the speed at which nerve impulses travel through a nerve
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
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Series of chemical, microscopic, and microbial tests used to diagnose disorders of the central nervous system, including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage
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Angiography
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Radiography of the blood vessels after introduction of a contrast medium
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Angiography is used to visualize vascular abnormalities.
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Cerebral angiography
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Angiography of the blood vessels of the brain after injection of contrast medium, also called cerebral arteriography
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Used to identify vascular tumors, aneurysms, and occlusions. Usually only performed when intracranial procedures are being considered
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myelography
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Diagnostic radiological examination of the spinal canal, nerve roots and spinal cord after injection of contrast medium into the spinal canal
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Usually performed in conjunction with CT and when an MRI is not possible because the patient has a pacemaker or other implantable device
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positron emission tomography (PET)
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scan using computed tomography to record the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical and produce a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity in body tissues to determine the presence of disease
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PET is especially useful in scanning the brain and nervous system to diagnose disorders that involve abnormal tissue metabolism, such as schizophrenia, brain tumors, epilepsy, stroke and Alzheimer disease
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cryosurgery
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Technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it
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stereotaxic radiosurgery
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Precise method of locating and destroying sharply circumscribed lesions on specific, tiny areas of pathological tissue in deep-seated structures of the CNS, also called sterotaxy or stereotactic surgery
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thalamotomy
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Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain, involuntary movements, or emotional disturbances
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tractotomy
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Transection of a nerve tract in the brainstem or spinal cord
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sometimes used to treat intractable pain
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trephination
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technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure
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Vagotomy
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Interruption of the function of the vagus nerve to relieve peptic ulcer
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Vagotomy is performed when ulcers in the stomach and duodenum do not respond to medication or changes in diet
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ADAD
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Alzheimer Disease
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ADHD
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
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ALS
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, AKA Lou Gehrig disease
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ANS
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autonomic nervous system
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BEAM
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Brain electrical activity mapping
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CNS
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Central Nervous System
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CP
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Cerebral Palsy
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CSF
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Cerebral Spinal Fluid
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CVA
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cerebrovascular accident
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EEG
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electroencephalography
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ICP
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intracranial pressure
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LOC
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Loss of consciousness
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LP
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Lumbar Puncture
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MRA
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magnetic resonance angiogram
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MS
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musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; mental status; mitral stenosis
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NCV
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Nerve conductivity velocity
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PNS
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peripheral nervous system
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SNS
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Sympathetic nervous system; somatic nervous system
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Nerve I
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Olfactory
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Nerve II
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Optic
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Nerve III
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Oculomotor
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Nerve IV
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Trochlear
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Nerve VI
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Abducens
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Nerve V
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Trigeminal; 1 Opthalmic, 2 Maxillary, 3 Mandibular
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Nerve VII
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Facial
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Nerve VIII
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Vestibulocochlear; 1 vestibular, 2 cochlear
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Nerve IX
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Glossopharyngeal
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Nerve X
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Vagus
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Nerve XI
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Accessory (efferent)
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Nerve XII
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Hypoglossal (efferent)
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Gli/o
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Glue; neurological tissue
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Kinesi/o
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Movement
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lept/o
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thin, slender
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leptomeningopathy, disease of the meninges
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Neur/o
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Nerve
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radicul/o
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nerve root
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radiculalgia, pain in the nerve root
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sthen/o
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strength
Hypersthenia - condition of excessive strength |
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thalam/o
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Thalamus
Thalamotomy - incision of the thalamus |
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thec/o
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sheath (usually refers to the meninges)
Intrathecal - pertaining to the space within a sheath |
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Ton/o
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Tension
Dystonia - bad or poor muscle tone |
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-algesia, -algia
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Pain
Analgesia - absence of pain Synalgia - joined pain |
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-asthenia
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weakness, debility
Myasthenia - muscle weakness |
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-esthesia
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feeling
Hyperesthesia - increased feeling |
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-kinesia
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movement
Hyperkinesia - excessive movement |
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-lepsy
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Seizure
Narcolepsy - seizure or sleep |
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-paresis
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partial paralysis
Hemiparesis - paralysis of one half of the body |
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-plegia
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paralysis
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-taxia
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order, coordination
Ataxia - without coordination |
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pachy-
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thick
pachymeningitis - inflammation of the dura matter |
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Para-
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near, beside, beyond
Paraplegia - paralysis of lower limbs |
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Syn-
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union, together, joined
Synalgia - referred pain |
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Uni-
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One
Unilateral - to one side |
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Affective Disorder
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Psychological disorder in which the major characteristic is an abnormal mood, usually mania or depression
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Anorexia nervosa
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Eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain adequate weight for age and height and an all-consuming desire to remain thin
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anxiety
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Psychological "worry" disorder characterized by excessive pondering or thinking
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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disorder affecting children and adults characterized by impulsiveness, overactivity, and the inability to remain focused on a task
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bipolar disorder
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mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, emotion, energy, and ability to function, also called manic-depressive illness
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bulimia nervosa
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Eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging
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Depression
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Mood disorder associated with sadness, despair, discouragement, and commonly feelings of low self-esteem, guilt, and withdrawal
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Mania
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mood disorder characterized by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behavior, and excessively elevated mood
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Panic Attack
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Sudden, intense, overwhelming feeling of fear that comes without warning and is not attributable to any immediate danger
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