Medical Terminology, Chapter 12

Front 1

What are the 3 organs of the nervous system?

Back 1

brain
nerves
spinal cord

Front 2

cephal/o

Back 2

head

Front 3

cerebell/o

Back 3

cerebellum

Front 4

cerebr/o

Back 4

cerebrum

Front 5

encephal/o

Back 5

brain

Front 6

gli/o

Back 6

glue

Front 7

medull/o

Back 7

medulla oblongata

Front 8

mening/o

Back 8

meninges

Front 9

meningi/o

Back 9

meninges

Front 10

myel/o

Back 10

spinal cord

Front 11

neur/o

Back 11

nerve

Front 12

phas/o

Back 12

speech

Front 13

poli/o

Back 13

gray matter

Front 14

pont/o

Back 14

pons

Front 15

radicul/o

Back 15

nerve root

Front 16

thalam/o

Back 16

thalamus

Front 17

thec/o

Back 17

sheath (meninges)

Front 18

ventricul/o

Back 18

brain ventricle

Front 19

-algesia

Back 19

pain, sensitivity

Front 20

-esthesia

Back 20

feeling, sensation

Front 21

-paresis

Back 21

weakness

Front 22

-phasia

Back 22

speech

Front 23

-plegia

Back 23

paralysis

Front 24

-taxia

Back 24

muscle coordination

Front 25

Coordinates body functions

Back 25

brain

Front 26

Transmits messages to and from the central nervous system

Back 26

nerves

Front 27

Transmits messages to and from the brain

Back 27

spinal cord

Front 28

The ___ is responsible for coordinating all the activity of the body

Back 28

nervous system

Front 29

The body receives information from both external and internal ___ and then uses that information to adjust the activity of ___ and ___ to match the needs of the body

Back 29

sensory receptors
muscles
glands

Front 30

What are the 2 subdivisions of the central nervous system?

Back 30

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

Front 31

What are the 2 parts of the central nervous system?

Back 31

brain
spinal cord

Front 32

The nerves of the peripheral nervous system are ___ and ___

Back 32

cranial nerves
spinal nerves

Front 33

___ nerves carry information to the central nervous system, and ___ nerves carry commands away from the central nervous system.

Back 33

sensory
motor

Front 34

All portions of the nervous system are composed of ___

Back 34

nervous tissue

Front 35

What are the 2 basic types of nervous tissue?

Back 35

neurons
neuroglial cells

Front 36

___ are individual nerve cells that are capable of conducting electrical impulses in response to a stimulus

Back 36

neurons

Front 37

What are the 3 basic parts of neurons?

Back 37

dendrites
nerve cell body
axon

Front 38

The point at which the axon of one neuron meets the dendrite of the next neuron is called a ___

Back 38

synapse

Front 39

Electrical impulses cannot pass directly across the gap between two neurons, called the ___. They instead require the help of a chemical messenger called a ___

Back 39

synaptic cleft
neurotransmitter

Front 40

A variety of ___ are found in nervous tissue. Each has a different support function for the neurons.

Back 40

neuroglial cells

Front 41

Some neuroglial cells produce ___, a fatty substance that acts as insulation for many axons so that they conduct electrical impulses faster.

Back 41

myelin

Front 42

Can neuroglial cells conduct electrical impulses?

Back 42

No

Front 43

The central nervous system consists of both ___ and ___ matter

Back 43

gray
white

Front 44

___ is comprised of unsheathed or uncovered cell bodies and dendrites

Back 44

Gray matter

Front 45

White matter is ___ nerve fibers

Back 45

myelinated

Front 46

Bundles of nerve fibers interconnecting different parts of the central nervous system are called ___

Back 46

tracts

Front 47

The central nervous system is encased and protected by the membranes known as the ___

Back 47

meninges

Front 48

What are the 4 sections of the brain?

Back 48

1. cerebrum
2. cerebellum
3. diencephalon
4. brain stem

Front 49

The largest section of the brain is the ___, its outer layer is the ___, which is composed of folds of gray matter

Back 49

cerebrum
cerebral cortex

Front 50

The elevated portions of the cerebrum, or convolutions, are called ___ and are separated by fissures called ___

Back 50

gyri
sulci

Front 51

The cerebrum is subdivided into left and right halves called ___

Back 51

cerebral hemispheres

Front 52

Each hemisphere of the cerebrum has 4 lobes; they are:

Back 52

1. frontal lobe
2. parietal lobe
3. occipital lobe
4. temporal lobe

Front 53

Located below the cerebrum is the ___. It contains the ___ and the ___

Back 53

diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus

Front 54

our pain perception is controlled by the ___

Back 54

thalamus

Front 55

What part of the brain controls body temperature, appetite, sleep, sexual desire, and emotions?

Back 55

hypothalamus

Front 56

The 2nd largest portion of the brain is the ___, it aids in coordinating voluntary body movements and maintaining balance and equilibrium.

Back 56

cerebellum

Front 57

What are the 3 components of the brain stem?

Back 57

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

Front 58

The midbrain acts as a pathway for impulses to be conducted between the ___ and the ___

Back 58

brain
spinal cord

Front 59

The brain has four interconnected cavities called ___

Back 59

ventricles

Front 60

The 4 ventricles of the brain contain ___, which is the watery, clear fluid that provides protection from shock or sudden motion to the brain and spinal cord

Back 60

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 61

CSF can also be found in the spinal cord, it flows down the center of the spinal cord within the ___

Back 61

central canal

Front 62

The inner core of the spinal cord consists of cell bodies and dendrites of peripheral nerves, and therefore is ___

Back 62

gray matter

Front 63

The outer portion of the spinal cord is myelinated white matter that is either ___ or ___ tracts

Back 63

ascending
descending

Front 64

The 3 layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are:

Back 64

1. dura mater
2. arachnoid layer
3. pia mater

Front 65

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes 12 pairs of ___ and 31 pairs of ___

Back 65

cranial nerves
spinal nerves

Front 66

The point at which cranial or spinal nerves are attached to the CNS is called the ___

Back 66

nerve root

Front 67

Neurons that carry sensory information from a sensory receptor to the central nervous system

Back 67

afferent neurons
aka sensory neurons

Front 68

Neurons that carry activity instructions from the central nervous system to muscles or glands out in the body

Back 68

efferent neurons
aka motor neurons

Front 69

The nerve cell bodies of the neurons forming the nerve are grouped together in a knot-like mass, called a ___, located outside the CNS

Back 69

ganglion

Front 70

The nerves of the peripheral nervous system are subdivided into 2 divisions, the ___ and ___, each serving a different area of the body

Back 70

autonomic nervous system (ANS) and somatic nerves

Front 71

The ___ is involved with the control of involuntary bodily functions

Back 71

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Front 72

What are the 2 branches of the ANS?

Back 72

sympathetic
parasympathetic

Front 73

The ___ nerves control the "fight or flight" reaction during times of stress and crisis. They increase heart rate, dilate airways, increase blood pressure, inhibit digestion, and stimulate the production of adrenaline during a crisis.

Back 73

sympathetic

Front 74

The ___ nerves control the "rest and digest" reaction. They cause the heart rate to slow down, lower blood pressure, and stimulate digestion.

Back 74

parasympathetic

Front 75

Cranial nerve that transports impulses for sense of smell

Back 75

I. Olfactory

Front 76

Cranial nerve that carries impulses for sense of sight

Back 76

II. Optic

Front 77

Cranial nerve that is responsible for motor impulses for eye muscle movement and the pupil of the eye.

Back 77

III. Oculomotor

Front 78

Cranial nerve that controls oblique muscle of eye on each side.

Back 78

IV. Trochlear

Front 79

Cranial nerve that carries sensory facial impulses and controls muscles for chewing; branches into eyes, forehead, upper and lower jaw.

Back 79

V. Trigeminal

Front 80

Cranial nerve that controls an eyeball muscle to turn eye to side.

Back 80

VI. Abducens

Front 81

Cranial nerve that controls facial muscles for expression, salivation, and taste on two-thirds of tongue (anterior).

Back 81

VII. Facial

Front 82

Cranial nerve that is responsible for impulses of equilibrium and hearing; also called auditory nerve.

Back 82

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

Front 83

Cranial nerve that carries sensory impulses from pharynx (swallowing) and taste on one-third of tongue.

Back 83

IX. Glossopharyngeal

Front 84

Cranial nerve that supplies most organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities.

Back 84

X. Vagus

Front 85

Cranial nerve that controls the neck and shoulder muscles.

Back 85

XI. Accessory

Front 86

Cranial nerve that controls tongue muscles.

Back 86

XII. Hypoglossal

Front 87

___ serve the skin and skeletal muscles and are mainly involved with the conscious and voluntary activities of the body.

Back 87

Somatic nerves

Front 88

head pain (headache)

Back 88

cephalalgia

Front 89

pertaining to the cerebellum

Back 89

cerebellar

Front 90

cerebellum inflammation

Back 90

cerebellitis

Front 91

pertaining to the cerebrum

Back 91

cerebral

Front 92

pertaining to the cerebrum and spine

Back 92

cerebrospinal

Front 93

record of brain's electricity

Back 93

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Front 94

brain inflammation

Back 94

encephalitis

Front 95

meninges tumor

Back 95

meningioma

Front 96

pertaining to the meninges

Back 96

meningeal

Front 97

meninges inflammation

Back 97

meningitis

Front 98

record of spinal cord

Back 98

myelogram

Front 99

spinal cord inflammation

Back 99

myelitis

Front 100

pertaining to nerves

Back 100

neural

Front 101

nerve pain

Back 101

neuralgia

Front 102

removal of nerve

Back 102

neurectomy

Front 103

specialist in nerves

Back 103

neurologist

Front 104

nerve tumor

Back 104

neuroma

Front 105

nerve disease

Back 105

neuropathy

Front 106

surgical repair of nerves

Back 106

neuroplasty

Front 107

inflammation of many nerves

Back 107

polyneuritis

Front 108

suture of nerve

Back 108

neurorrhaphy

Front 109

pertaining to the pons

Back 109

pontine

Front 110

nerve root inflammation

Back 110

radiculitis

Front 111

nerve root disease

Back 111

radiculopathy

Front 112

pertaining to the thalamus

Back 112

thalamic

Front 113

pertaining to within the meninges

Back 113

intrathecal

Front 114

absence of pain or sensation

Back 114

analgesia

Front 115

lack of sensations

Back 115

anesthesia

Front 116

excessive sensations

Back 116

hyperesthesia

Front 117

weakness of one

Back 117

monoparesis

Front 118

lack of speech

Back 118

aphasia

Front 119

difficult speech

Back 119

dysphasia

Front 120

paralysis of one

Back 120

monoplegia

Front 121

paralysis of four

Back 121

quadraplegia

Front 122

lack of muscle coordination

Back 122

ataxia

Front 123

Branch of medicine specializing in all aspects of anesthesia, including for surgical procedures, resuscitation measures, and the management of acute and chronic pain.

Back 123

anesthesiology

Front 124

Sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling an unusual odor, that occur just prior to an epileptic seizure or migraine headache.

Back 124

aura

Front 125

Profound unconsciousness or stupor resulting from an illness or injury.

Back 125

coma

Front 126

Condition of being awake and aware of surroundings.

Back 126

conscious

Front 127

Severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations.

Back 127

convulsion

Front 128

Abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation.

Back 128

delirium

Front 129

Progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing activities of daily living

Back 129

dementia

Front 130

Localized seizure often affecting one limb

Back 130

focal seizure

Front 131

Weakenss or loss of motion on one side of the body

Back 131

hemiparesis

Front 132

Paralysis on only one side of the body

Back 132

hemiplegia

Front 133

Branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of the nervous system

Back 133

neurology

Front 134

Branch of medicine concerned with treating conditions and diseases of the nervous systems by surgical means

Back 134

neurosurgery

Front 135

Temporary or permanent loss of the ability to control movement

Back 135

palsy

Front 136

Temporary or permanent loss of function or voluntary movement

Back 136

paralysis

Front 137

paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs

Back 137

paraplegia

Front 138

Abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling

Back 138

paresthesia

Front 139

Sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms

Back 139

seizure

Front 140

Fainting

Back 140

syncope

Front 141

Involuntary repetitive alternating movement of a part of the body

Back 141

tremor

Front 142

Condition or state of being unaware of surroundings, with the inability to respond to stimuli

Back 142

unconscious

Front 143

Type of epileptic seizure that lasts only a few seconds to half a minute, characterized by a loss of awareness and an absence of activity. Aka petit mal seizure

Back 143

absence seizure

Front 144

Chronic, organic mental disorder consisting of dementia, which is more prevalent in adults between ages 40 and 60. Involves progressive disorientation, apathy, speech and gait disturbances, and loss of memory.

Back 144

Alzheimer's disease

Front 145

tumor of the brain or spinal cord that is composed of astrocytes, one of the types of neuroglial cells

Back 145

astrocytoma

Front 146

Intracranial mass, either benign or malignant

Back 146

brain tumor

Front 147

Localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery; the result of a congenital defect or weakenss in the wall of the vessel.

Back 147

cerebral aneurysm

Front 148

Bruising of the brain from a blow or impact. Symptoms last longer than 24 hours and include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock.

Back 148

cerebral contusion

Front 149

Nonprogressive brain damage resulting from a defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at the time of birth

Back 149

cerebral palsy (CP)

Front 150

The development of an infarct due to loss in the blood supply to an area of the brain. Aka stroke

Back 150

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Front 151

Injury to the brain resulting from the brain being shaken inside the skull from a blow or impact

Back 151

concussion

Front 152

Recurrent disorder of the brain in which seizures and loss of consciousness occur as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity of the neurons in the brain

Back 152

epilepsy

Front 153

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, causing the head to be enlarged.

Back 153

hydrocephalus

Front 154

Specific type of headache characterized by severe head pain, sensitivity to light, dizziness, and nausea

Back 154

migraine

Front 155

Chronic disorder of the nervous system with fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait

Back 155

Parkinson's disease

Front 156

Combination of symptoms that include acute encephalopathy and damage to various organs, esp. the liver. This occurs in children under age 15 who have had a viral infection. it is also associated with taking aspirin.

Back 156

Reye syndrome

Front 157

Type of severe epileptic seizure characterized by a loss of consciousness and convulsions. The seizure alternates between strong continuous muscle spasms and rhythmic muscle muscle contraction and relaxation. Aka grand mal seizure

Back 157

tonic-clonic seizure

Front 158

Temporary interference with blood supply to the brain, causing neurological symptoms such as dizzyness, numbness, and hemiparesis.

Back 158

transient ischemic attack

Front 159

Disease with muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord. Aka Lou Gehrig's disease

Back 159

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Front 160

Congenital condition in which the meninges protrude through an opening in the vertebral column

Back 160

meningocele

Front 161

Congenital condition in which the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the vertebral column

Back 161

myelomeningocele

Front 162

Viral inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord

Back 162

poliomyelitis

Front 163

Congenital defect in the walls of the spinal canal in which the laminae of the vertebra do not meet or close

Back 163

spina bifida

Front 164

Damage to the spinal cord as a result of trauma

Back 164

spinal cord injury

Front 165

One-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of the facial nerve, probably viral in nature

Back 165

Bell's palsy

Front 166

Disease of the n ervous system in which nerves lose their myelin covering.

Back 166

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Front 167

Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which there is extreme weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin insulation from nerves

Back 167

multiple sclerosis (MS)

Front 168

Disease with severe muscular weakenss and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse

Back 168

myasthenia gravis

Front 169

Eruption of painful blisters on the body along a nerve path. Thought to be caused by herpes zoster virus infection of the nerve root

Back 169

shingles

Front 170

Mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord

Back 170

epidural hematoma

Front 171

Mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater if the meninges are torn by trauma

Back 171

subdural hematoma

Front 172

Laboratory exam of the clear, watery, colorless fluid from within the brain and spinal cord. Infections and the abnormal presence of blood can be detected in this test

Back 172

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

Front 173

Image of the brain taken after injection of radioactive isotopes into the circulation

Back 173

brain scan

Front 174

x-ray of the blood vessels of the brain after the injection of radiopaque dye

Back 174

cerebral angiography

Front 175

Recording of the ultrasonic echoes of the brain. Useful in determining abnormal patterns of shifting in the brain

Back 175

echoencephalography

Front 176

Injection of radiopaque dye into the spinal canal. An x-ray is then taken to examine the normal and abnormal outlines made by the dye

Back 176

myelography

Front 177

Use of positive radionuclides to reconstruct brain sections

Back 177

positron emission tomography

Front 178

Reflex test developed to determine lesions and abnormalities in the nervous system

Back 178

Babinski reflex

Front 179

Recording of the electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes at various positions on the scalp

Back 179

electroencephalography

Front 180

Puncture with a needle into the lumbar area to withdraw fluid for examination and for the injection of anesthesia. Aka spinal puncture or spinal tap

Back 180

lumbar puncture

Front 181

Test that measure how fast an impulse travels along a nerve. Can pinpoint an area of nerve damage

Back 181

nerve conduction velocity

Front 182

Injection of regional anesthetic to stop the passage of sensory or pain impulses along a nerve path

Back 182

nerve block

Front 183

Surgical procedure for removing an obstruction within the carotid artery, a major artery in the neck that carries oxygenated blood to the brain

Back 183

carotid endartectomy

Front 184

Surgical procedure in which a bypass is created to drain cerebrospinal fluid.

Back 184

cerebrospinal fluid shunts

Front 185

Removal of a portion of a vertebra in order to relieve pressure on the spinal nerve

Back 185

laminectomy

Front 186

Surgical interruption of a nerve tract in the spinal cord. Used to treat intractable pain or muscle spasms

Back 186

tractotomy

Front 187

Non-narcotic medication to treat minor to moderate pain, Includes aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen.

Back 187

analgesic

Front 188

Drug that produces a loss of sensation or a loss of consciousness

Back 188

anesthetic

Front 189

Substance that reduces the excitability of neurons and therefore prevents the uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures

Back 189

anticonvulsant

Front 190

Group of medications to treat Parkinson's disease by either replacing the dopamine that is lacking or increasing the strengh of the dopamine that is present.

Back 190

dopaminergic drugs

Front 191

Drug that promotes sleep

Back 191

hypnotic

Front 192

Drug used to treat severe pain

Back 192

narcotic analgesic

Front 193

Drug that has a relaxing or calming effect

Back 193

sedative