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296 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 6 organs of the female reproductive system?
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breasts
fallopian tubes ovaries uterus vagina vulva |
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amni/o
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amnion
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cervic/o
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neck, cervix
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chori/o
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chorion
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colp/o
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vagina
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culd/o
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cul-de-sac
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embry/o
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embryo
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episi/o
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vulva
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fet/o
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fetus
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gynec/o
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woman, female
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hymen/o
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hymen
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hyster/o
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uterus
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lact/o
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milk
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mamm/o
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breast
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mast/o
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breast
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men/o
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menses, menstruation
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metr/o
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uterus
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nat/o
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birth
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oophor/o
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ovary
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ov/o
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egg
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ovari/o
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ovary
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perine/o
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perineum
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salping/o
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fallopian tubes, uterine tubes
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uter/o
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uterus
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vagin/o
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vagina
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vulv/o
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vulva
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What are the 2 combining forms that refer to the vagina?
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colp/o
vagin/o |
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What are the 2 combining forms that refer to the vulva?
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episi/o
vulv/o |
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What are the 3 combining forms that refer to the uterus?
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hyster/o
metr/o uter/o |
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What are the 2 combining forms that refer to the breast?
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mamm/o
mast/o |
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-arche
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beginning
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-cyesis
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state of pregnancy
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-gravida
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pregnancy
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-para
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to bear (offspring)
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-partum
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childbirth
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-salpinx
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fallopian tube
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-tocia
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labor, childbirth
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What are the female reproductive cells?
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ova
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The female reproductive system provides a place for ___ to occur and for a baby to grow during ___
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fertilization
pregnancy |
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The ___ provide nourishment for the newborn
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breasts
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The female reproductive system secretes the female ___
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sex hormones
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The female reproductive organs are referred to as the internal and external ___
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genitalia
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The internal genitalia of the female reproductive system are located in the pelvic cavity and consist of the ___, ___, ___, and the ___, which extends to the external surface of the body.
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uterus
ovaries fallopian tubes vagina |
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The female external genitalia are collectively referred to as the ___
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vulva
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What are the 2 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulate maturation of ovum and trigger ovulation?
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follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH)
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What are the principal female sex hormones?
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estrogen
progesterone |
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What are the 2 other names for the fallopian tubes?
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uterine tubes
oviducts |
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As the fallopian tubes near the ovaries, the unattached ends of these two tubes expand into finger-like projections called ___
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fimbriae
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The meeting of the egg and sperm is called ___ or ___, and normally takes place within the upper one-half of the fallopian tubes
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fertilization or conception
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The ___ is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that contains a thick muscular wall, a mucous membrane lining, and a rich blood supply
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uterus
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The uterus is normally bent slightly forward, which is called ___, and is held in position by strong fibrous ligaments anchored in the outer layer of the uterus, called the ___
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anteflexion
perimetrium |
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What are the 3 sections of the uterus?
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fundus/upper portion
corpus/body cervix/lower portion |
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The inner layer of the uterus
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endometrium
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The thick muscular walls of the uterus
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myometrium
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If pregnancy is not established, the endometrium is sloughed off, resulting in ___ or ___
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menstruation
menstrual period |
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A girls' first menstrual period is called ___
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menarche
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The ending of menstrual activity and childbearing years is called ___ and occurs between ages ___
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menopause
40-55 |
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The ___ is a muscular tube, lined with mucous membrane that extends from the cervix of the uterus to the outside of the body
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vagina
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The ___ is a thin membranous tissue that partially covers the external vaginal opening or ___
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hymen
vaginal orifice |
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A pair of glands called ___ are located on either side of the vaginal orifice and secrete mucus for lubrication during intercourse
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Bartholin's glands
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The ___ is a general term that refers to the group of structures that make up the female external genitalia
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vulva
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The ___ and the ___ are folds of skin that serve as protection for the genitalia, the vaginal orifice and the urinary meatus
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labia majora
labia minora |
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The ___ is a small organ containing sensitive ___ that is aroused during sexual stimulation and corresponds to the penis in the male
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clitoris
erectile tissue |
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The region between the vaginal orifice and the anus is referred to as the ___
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perineum
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Another name for breasts
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mammary glands
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The process of the breasts producing milk is called ___
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lactation
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Milk is produced by the ___ and is carried to the nipple by the ___
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lactiferous glands
lactiferous ducts |
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The ___ is the pigmented area around the nipple
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areola
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The normal length of time for a pregnancy, ___ is 40 weeks. If a baby is born before completing at least 37 weeks, it is considered ___
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gestation
premature |
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From the time the fertilized egg implants in the uterus until approximately the end of the 8th week, the infant is referred to as an ___
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embryo
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Following the embryo stage and lasting until birth, the infant is called a ___
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fetus
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The fetus receives nourishment from its mother by way of the ___
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placenta
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The fetus is attached to the placenta by way of the ___ and is surrounded by 2 membranous sacs, the ___ and the ___
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umbilical cord
amnion and the chorion |
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The fetus floats in a sac filled with ___
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amniotic fluid
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___ is the actual process of expelling the fetus from the uterus and through the vagina
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Labor
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The first stage of labor is called ___
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dilation
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As the cervix dilates, it also becomes thinner, referred to as ___
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effacement
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The 2nd stage of labor occurs when the cervix is dilated to 10cm and is called the ___ stage
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expulsion stage
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Generally, the head of the baby appears first, which is referred to as ___. In some cases the baby's buttocks will appear first, and this is referred to as a ___
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crowning
breech presentation |
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The last stage of labor is the __
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placental stage
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incision into amnion
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amniotomy
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pertaining to the amnion
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amniotic
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flow of fluid from the amnion
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amniorrhea
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removal of the cervix
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cervicectomy
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pertaining to the cervix
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cervical
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inflammation within the cervix
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endocervicitis
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pertaining to the chorion
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chorionic
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instrument to view inside vagina
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colposcope
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pertaining to the embryo
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embryonic
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suture of vulva
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episiorrhaphy
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pertaining to the fetus
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fetal
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specialist in the female reproductive system
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gynecologist
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removal of the hymen
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hymenectomy
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surgical fixation of the uterus
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hysteropexy
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ruptured uterus
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hysterorrhexis
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surgical removal of the uterus
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hysterectomy
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pertaining to milk
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lactic
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milk discharge
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lactorrhea
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incision into the abdomen
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laparotomy
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instrument to view inside the abdomen
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laparoscope
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record of the breast
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mammogram
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pertaining to the breast
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mammary
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surgical repair of the breast
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mammoplasty
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breast pain
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mastalgia
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inflammation of the breast
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mastitis
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removal of the breast
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mastectomy
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no menstrual flow
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amenorrhea
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painful menstrual flow
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dysmenorrhea
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scanty menstrual flow
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oligomenorrhea
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abnormal, rapid menstrual flow
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menorrhagia
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inflammation of the uterus
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endometritis
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inflammation around the uterus
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perimetritis
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flow from uterus
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metrorrhea
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rapid (menstrual) blood flow from uterus
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metrorrhagia
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newborn
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neonate
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specialist in the study of the newborn
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neonatologist
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removal of the ovary
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oophorectomy
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inflammation of the ovary
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oophoritis
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pertaining to the ovary
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ovarian
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tubal pregnancy
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salpingocyesis
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removal of the fallopian tube
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salpingectomy
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inflammation of the fallopian tubes
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salpingitis
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pertaining to the uterus
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uterine
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pertaining to the vagina
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vaginal
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inflammation of the vagina
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vaginitis
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false pregnancy
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pseudocyesis
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no pregnancies
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nulligravida
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first pregnancy
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primigravida
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multiple pregnancies
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multigravida
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no births
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nullipara
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first birth
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primipara
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multiple births
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multipara
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before birth
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antepartum
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after birth
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postpartum
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blood in fallopian tube
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hematosalpinx
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pus in fallopian tube
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pyosalpinx
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difficult labor and childbirth
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dystocia
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Congenital lack of a normal body opening
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atresia
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prevention of a pregnancy using a device to prevent sperm from meeting an ovum. Examples include condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps
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barrier contraception
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Thin fluid first secreted by the breast after delivery. It does not contain much protein, but is rich in antibodies
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colostrum
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Twins that develop from two different ova fertilized by two different sperm.
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fraternal twins
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Branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the female reproductive system
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gynecology
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Use of hormones to block ovulation and prevent contraception. May be in the form of a pill, a patch, an implant under the skin, or injection.
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hormonal contraception
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Twins that develop from the splitting of one fertilized ovum.
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identical twins
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Inability to produce children. Generally defined as no pregnancy after properly timed intercourse for 1 year
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infertility
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Device that is inserted into the uterus by a physician for the purpose of contraception
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intrauterine device
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First bowel momementof a newborn. It is greenish-black in color and consists of mucus and bile
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meconium
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Branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions involving newborns
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neonatology
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Branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of women during pregnancy and childbirth, and immediately after childbirth
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obstetrics
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Symptoms that develop just prior to the onset of a menstrual period, which can include irratability, headache, tender breasts, and anxiety
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premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
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Beginning of menstruation and the ability to reproduce
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puberty
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Cancer of the ovary
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ovarian carcinoma
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Cyst that develops within the ovary. These may be multiple cysts and may rupture, causing pain and bleeding
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ovarian cyst
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Malignant growth in the cervix
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cervical cancer
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Cancer of the endometrial lining of the uterus
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endometrial cancer
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Benign tumor that contains fiber-like tissue.
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fibroid tumor
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Excessive bleeding during the menstrual period and at intervals between menstrual periods
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menometrorrhagia
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Fallen uterus that can cause the cervix to protrude through the vaginal opening. Generally caused by weakened muscles from vaginal delivery or as the result of pelvic tumors pressing down
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prolapsed uterus
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Yeast infection of the skin and mucous membranes that can result in white plaques on the tongue and vagina
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candidiasis
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Hernia or outpouching of the bladder that protrudes into the vagina. This may cause urinary frequency and urgency
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cystocele
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Protrusion or herniation of the rectum into the vagina
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rectocele
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Rare and sometimes fatal staphylococcus infection that generally occurs in menstruating women. Initial infection of the vagina is associated with prolonged wearing of a super-absorbent tampon.
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toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
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Abnormal condition of endometrium tissue appearing throughout the pelvis or on the abdominal wall. This tissue is normally found within the uterus.
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endometriosis
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Chronic or acute infection, usually bacterial, that has ascended through the female reproductive organs and out to the pelvic cavity. May result in scarring that interferes with fertility.
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pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
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Malignant tumor of the breast. Usually forms in the milk-producing gland tissue or the lining of the milk ducts.
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breast cancer
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Benign cysts forming in the breast
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fibrocystic breast disease
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Emergency condition in which the placenta tears away from the uterine wall prior to delivery of the infant. Requires immediate delivery of the baby.
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abruptio placentae
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Convulsive seizures and coma occuring in the woman between the 20th week of pregnancy and the first week of postpartum.
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eclampsia
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Condition developing in the baby when the mother's blood type is Rh-negative and the baby's blood is Rh-positive. Aka erythroblastosis fetalis
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hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
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A placenta that is implanted in the lower portion of the uterus and, in turn, blocks the birth canal
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placenta previa
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Metabolic disease of pregnancy. If untreated, it may result in true eclampsia. Symptoms include hypertension, headaches, albumin in the urine, and edema. Aka toxemia
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preeclampsia
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When the umbilical cord of the baby is expelled first during delivery and is squeezed between the baby's head and the vaginal wall. This presents and emergency situation since the baby's circulation is compromised.
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prolapsed umbilical cord
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Unplanned loss of a pregnancy due to the death of the embryo or fetus before the time it is viable. Aka miscarriage
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spontaneous abortion
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Birth in which a viable-aged fetus dies shortly before or at the time of delivery
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stillbirth
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Test for the early detection of cancer of the cervix. A scraping of cells is removed from the cervix for examination under a microscope
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Pap smear
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Chemical test that can determine a pregnancy during the first few weeks
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pregnancy test
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Taking of an x-ray after injecting radiopaque material into the uterus and fallopian tubes
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hysterosalpingography
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Using x-ray to diagnose breast disease, esp. breast cancer
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mammography
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Use of ultrasound waves to produce an image or photograph of an organ, such as the uterus, ovaries, or fetus
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pelvic ultrasonography
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Examination of the vagina using an instrument called a colposcope
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colposcopy
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Examination of the female pelvic cavity, particularly behind the uterus, by introducing and endoscope through the wall of the vagina
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culdoscopy
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Examination of the peritoneal cavity using an instrument called a laparoscope. The instrument is passed through a small incision made by the surgeon into the abdominopelvic cavity
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laparoscopy
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Puncturing of the amniotic sac using a needle and syringe for the purpose of withdrawing amniotic fluid for testing.
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amniocentesis
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Evaluation of a neonate's adjustment to the outside world
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Apgar score
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Removal of a small piece of the chorion for genetic analysis. May be done at an earlier stage of pregnancy than amniocentisis.
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chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
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Using electronic equipment placed on the mother's abdomen or the fetus' scalp to check the fetal heart rate (FHR) and the fetal heart tone (FHT) during labor
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fetal monitoring
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Taking a sample of tissue from the cervix to test for the presence of cancer cells
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cervical biopsy
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Taking a sample of tissue from the lining of the uterus to test for abnormalities
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endometrial biopsy
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Physical examination of the vagina and adjacent organs performed by a physician placing the fingers of one hand into the vagina. An instrument called a speculum is used to open the vagina.
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pelvic examination
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Surgical delivery of a baby through an incision into the abdominal and uterine walls.
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cesarean section
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Surgical removal of a core of cervical tissue. Also refers to partial removal of the cervix
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conization
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Surgical procedure in which the opening of the cervix is dilated and the uterus is scraped or suctioned of its lining or tissue. Often performed after a spontaneous abortion and to stop excessive bleeding from other causes
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dilation and curettage (D&C)
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Legal termination of a pregnancy for nonmedical reasons.
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elective abortion
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Surgical incision of the perineum to facilitate the delivery process. Can prevent an irregular tearing of tissue during birth
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episiotomy
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Removal of only a breast tumor and the tissue immediately surrounding it
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lumpectomy
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Surgical removal of the breast tissue plus chest muscles and axillary lymph nodes
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radical mastectomy
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Surgical removal of the breast tissue
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simple mastectomy
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Termination of a pregnancy for the health of the mother or another medical reason
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therapeutic abortion
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Removal of the entire uterus, cervix, both ovaries, and both fallopian tubes
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total abdominal hysterectomy--bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
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Surgical tying off of the fallopian tubes to prevent conception from taking place. Results in sterilization of the female.
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tubal ligation
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Removal of the uterus through the vagina rather than through an abdominal incision
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vaginal hysterectomy
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Medication that terminates a pregnancy
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abortifacient
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Medication that triggers ovulation. Aka ovulation stimulant
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fertility drug
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Menopause or the surgical loss of the ovaries results in the lack of estrogen prduction.
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hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
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Birth control medication that uses low doses of female hormones to prevent conception by blocking ovulation
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oral contraceptive pills
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A natural hormone that begins or improves uterine contractions during labor and delivery
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oxytocin
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What are the 2 main functions of the male reproductive system?
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1. Producing sperm,
2. Secreting the male sex hormones, |
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What are the 7 organs of the male reproductive system?
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1. bulbourethral glands
2. epididymis 3. penis 4. prostate gland 5. seminal vesicles 6. testes 7. vas deferens |
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andr/o
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male
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balan/o
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glans penis
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crypt/o
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hidden
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epididym/o
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epididymis
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orch/o
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testes
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orchi/o
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testes
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orchid/o
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testes
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prostat/o
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prostate
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spermat/o
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sperm
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testicul/o
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testes
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varic/o
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varicose veins
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vas/o
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vas deferens
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The penis contains the urethra, which carries both ___ and ___ to the outside of the body
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urine and semen
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The organs of urinary system and the female or male sexual organs
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genitourinary system (GU)
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The internal organs of reproduction in the male include:
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seminal vesicles (2)
vas deferens (2) bulbourethral glands (2) prostate gland |
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The external organs of reproduction in the male include:
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penis
testes, each with an epididymis |
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The __ are oval in shape and responsible for the production of sperm
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testicles
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The process of sperm production is called ___, and takes place in the ___ that make up the insides of the testes
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spermatogenesis
seminiferous tubules |
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The sac that holds the testes is called the ___
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scrotum
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The male sex hormone ___, which is responsible for the development of the male reproductive organs, sperm, and secondary sex characteristics, is produced by the ___
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testosterone
testes |
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Each ___ is a coiled tubule that lies on top of the testes within the scrotum. it serves as a location for sperm maturation and storage until they are ready to be released into the vas deferens
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epididymis
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The penis is the male sex organ containing ___ that is encased in skin
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erectile tissue
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The soft tip of the penis is referred to as the ___, it is protected by a covering called the ___ or foreskin
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glans penis
prepuce |
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The male urethra extends from the urinary bladder to the external opening in the penis, called the ___
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urinary meatus
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What are the 2 functions of the urinary meatus?
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elimination of urine
ejaculation of semen |
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Each ___ carries sperm from the epididymis up into the pelvic cavity
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vas deferens
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The vas deferens along with nerves, arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels running between the pelvic cavity and the testes, form the ___
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spermatic cord
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The 2 ___ are small glands located at the base of the urinary bladder. They secrete a glucose-rich fluid that nourishes the sperm
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seminal vesicles
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The ___ is located just below the urinary bladder. It is important for the reproductive process since it secretes an alkaline fluid that assists in keeping the sperm alive by neutralizing the pH of the urethra and vagina
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prostate gland
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The ___ also known as ___, are two small glands located on either side of the urethra just below the prostate. They produce a mucuslike lubricating fluid that joins with semen to become a part of the ejaculate
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bulbourethral glands
aka Cowper's glands |
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male producing
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androgen
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male disease
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andropathy
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inflammation of glans penis
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balanitis
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surgical repair of glans penis
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balanoplasty
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discharge from glans penis
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balanorrhea
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removal of epididymis
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epididymectomy
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pertaining to the epididymis
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epididymal
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inflammation of the epididymis
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epididymitis
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condition of no testes
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anorchism
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removal of testes (2 terms)
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orchiectomy
orchidectomy |
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incision into testes
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orchiotomy
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surgical repair of testes
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orchioplasty
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surgical fixation of testes
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orchidopexy
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prostate inflammation
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prostatitis
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removal of prostate
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prostatectomy
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pertaining to the prostate
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prostatic
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pertaining to sperm
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spermatic
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sperm destruction
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spermatolysis
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pertaining to the testes
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testicular
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pertaining to the seminal vesicle
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vesicular
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condition of no sperm
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aspermia
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condition of scanty sperm
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oligospermia
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Inability to engage in sexual intercourse due to inability to maintain an erection. Aka impotence
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erectile dysfunction (ED)
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Inability to father children due to a problem with spermatogenesis
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sterility
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Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac before birth
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cryptorchidism
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Accumulation of fluid around the testes or along the spermatic cord, common in infants
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hydrocele
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Cancer of one or both testicles; most common cancer in men under 40
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testicular carcinoma
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A twisting of the spermatic cord
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testicular torsion
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Enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord that commonly occurs on the left side of adolescent males
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varicocele
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noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland commonly seen in males over qge 50
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benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
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Slow-growing cancer that affects a large number of males after age 50. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is used to assist in early detection of this disease
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prostate cancer
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Congenital opening of the urethra on the dorsal surface of the penis
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epispadias
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Congenital opening of the male urethra on the underside of the penis
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hypospadias
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Narrowing of the foreskin over the glans penis resulting in difficulty with hygiene. This condition can lead to infection or difficulty with urination. The condition is treated with circumcision.
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phimosis
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A persistent and painful erection due to pathological causes, not sexual arousal
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priapism
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Highly infectious nonsyphilitic venereal ulcer
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chancroid
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Bacterial infection causing genital inflammation in males and females. Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in females and eventual infertility
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chlamydia
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Creeping skin disease that can appear like a blister or vesicle, caused by a sexually transmitted virus
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genital herpes
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Growth of warts on the genitalia of both males and females that can lead to cancer of the cervix in females. Caused by the sexual transmission of the human papilloma virus (HPV)
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genital warts
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Sexually transmitted bacterial infection of the mucous membranes of either sex. Can be passed on to an infant during the birth process
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gonorrhea
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Sexually transmitted virus that attacks the immune system
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human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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Disease usually acquired as the result of sexual intercourse
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sexually transmitted disease (STD)
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Infectious, chronic, bacterial venereal disease that can involve any organ. May exist for years without symptoms, but is fatal if untreated. Treated with the antibiotic penicillin
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syphilis
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Genitourinary infection caused by a single-cell protist that is usually without symptoms (asymptomatic) in both males and females. In women the disease can produce itching and/or burning, a foul-smelling discharge, and result in vaginitis
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trichomoniasis
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A blood test to screen for prostate cancer.
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prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
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Procedure used when performing a fertility workup to determine if the male is able to produce sperm.
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semen analysis
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Manual examination for an enlarged prostate gland performed by palpating the prostate gland through the wall of the rectum
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digital rectal exam
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Removal of the testicles in the male or the ovaries in the female
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castration
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Surgical removal of the end of the prepuce of the penis
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circumcision
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Surgical fixation to move undescended testes into the scrotum and to attach them to prevent retraction. Used to treat cryptorchidism
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orchidopexy
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Process of rendering a male or female sterile
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sterilization
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Surgical removal of the prostate gland by inserting a device through the urethra and removing prostate tissue
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transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR, TURP)
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Removal of a segment or all of the vas deferens to prevent sperm from leaving the male body
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vasectomy
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Surgical procedure to reconnect the vas deferens to reverse a vasectomy
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vasovasectomy
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Replacement of male hormones to treat patients who produce insufficient hormone naturally
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androgen therapy
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Medication to treat early cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy. May prevent surgery for mild cases
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antiprostatic agents
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Medication that temporarily produces an erection in patients with erectile dysfunction
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erectile dysfunction agents
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Medication for destruction of sperm
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spermatocide
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