Medical Terminology Ch13

Front 1

albumin/o

Back 1

protein

Front 2

bacteri/o

Back 2

bacteria

Front 3

cyst/o
vesic/o

Back 3

bladder or sac

Front 4

dips/o

Back 4

thirst

Front 5

glomerul/o

Back 5

glomerulus (little ball)

Front 6

gluc/o
glyc/o

Back 6

sugar

Front 7

ket/o
keton/o

Back 7

ketone bodies

Front 8

lith/o

Back 8

stone

Front 9

meat/o

Back 9

opening

Front 10

nephr/o
ren/o

Back 10

kidney

Front 11

pyel/o

Back 11

basin

Front 12

py/o

Back 12

pus

Front 13

urter/o

Back 13

ureter

Front 14

urethr/o

Back 14

urethra

Front 15

ur/o
urin/o

Back 15

urine

Front 16

kidneys

Back 16

two structues located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine

Front 17

cortex

Back 17

outer part of the kidney (cortex=bark)

Front 18

hilum

Back 18

indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave

Front 19

medulla

Back 19

inner part of the kidney

Front 20

calices (calyces)

Back 20

ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis
(kalyx=cup of a flower)

Front 21

nephron

Back 21

microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each capable of forming urine

Front 22

glomerulus

Back 22

little ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron

Front 23

Bowman's Capsule

Back 23

the top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus

Front 24

renal tubule

Back 24

the stem portion of the nephron

Front 25

ureter

Back 25

the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

Front 26

renal pelvis

Back 26

the basinlike portion of the ureter within the kidney

Front 27

ureteropelvic junction

Back 27

point of connection between the renal pelvis and ureter

Front 28

urinary bladder

Back 28

sac that holds the urine

Front 29

urethra

Back 29

single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body

Front 30

urethral meatus

Back 30

opening in the urethra to the outside of the body

Front 31

urine

Back 31

fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste product

Front 32

urea

Back 32

waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine

Front 33

creatinine

Back 33

waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine

Front 34

albuminuria
proteinuria

Back 34

presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise

Front 35

anuria

Back 35

absence of urine formation

Front 36

anuresis

Back 36

inability to pass urine

Front 37

bacteriuria

Back 37

presence of bacteria in the urine

Front 38

dysuria

Back 38

painful urination

Front 39

enuresis

Back 39

involuntary discharge of urine, usually referrinf to a lack of bladder control

Front 40

nocturnal enuresis

Back 40

bedwetting during sleep

Front 41

hematuria

Back 41

presence of blood in the urine

Front 42

incontinence

Back 42

involuntary discharge of urine or feces

Front 43

urinary stress incontinence

Back 43

involuntary discharge of urine when coughing, sneezing or strained exercise

Front 44

ketonuria

Back 44

presence of ketone bodies in the urine

Front 45

ketone bodies
ketone compounds

Back 45

acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetonacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation

Front 46

nocturia

Back 46

urination at night

Front 47

oliguria

Back 47

scanty production of urine

Front 48

pyuria

Back 48

presence of white cells in urine, usually indicating infection

Front 49

urinary retention

Back 49

retention of urine caused by an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction

Front 50

glomerulonephritis

Back 50

form of nephritis involving the glomerulus

Front 51

hydronephrosis

Back 51

pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine

Front 52

nephritis

Back 52

inflammation of the kidney

Front 53

pyelonephritis

Back 53

inflammation of the renal pelvis

Front 54

nephrosis

Back 54

degenerative disease of the renal tubules

Front 55

nephrolithiasis

Back 55

presence of a renal stone or stones

Front 56

cystitis

Back 56

inflammation of the bladder

Front 57

urethritis

Back 57

inflammation of the urethra

Front 58

urethral stenosis

Back 58

narrowed condition of the urethra

Front 59

urinary tract infection (UTI)

Back 59

invasion of pathogenic organisms int he urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency and malaise

Front 60

uremia
azotemia

Back 60

excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure

Front 61

cystoscopy

Back 61

examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope

Front 62

kidney biopsy (Bx)
renal biopsy

Back 62

removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination

Front 63

radiography

Back 63

x-ray studies commonly used in urology

Front 64

intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
intravenous urogram

Back 64

x-rays of the urinary tract taken after an iodine contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream

Front 65

kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB)

Back 65

abdominal x-ray of kidney, ureter, and bladder typically used as a scout film before doing an IVP

Front 66

scout film

Back 66

plain x-ray taken to detect any obvious patholog before further imaging (e.g. KUB before an IVP)

Front 67

renal angiogram
arteriogram

Back 67

x-ray of the renal artery made after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery

Front 68

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

Back 68

x-ray of the ureters, bladder, and kidney taken after contrast medium is administered backward through a small catheter through a cytoscope to detect the presence of stones, obstruction and so on.

Front 69

voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram (VCU or VCGU)

Back 69

x-ray of the bladder and urethra taken during urination

Front 70

abdominal sonogram

Back 70

ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder.

Front 71

urinalysis (UA)

Back 71

physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine

Front 72

specific gravity

Back 72

measure of the concentration or dilution of urine

Front 73

pH

Back 73

measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine

Front 74

glucose (sugar)

Back 74

chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine, used most often to screen for diabetes

Front 75

albumin (alb)

Back 75

chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine

Front 76

ketones

Back 76

chemical test used to detect presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicated fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs in starvation or in an uncontroled diabetic state

Front 77

occult blood, urine

Back 77

chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys (occult = hidden)

Front 78

bilirubin

Back 78

chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease

Front 79

urobilirubin

Back 79

chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine - increased amounts seen in gallblader and liver disease

Front 80

nitrite

Back 80

chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine

Front 81

microscopic findings

Back 81

microscopic indentification of abnormal constituents present in the urine (e.g. red blood cells, white blood cells, casts) reported per high or low power field (hpf or lpf)

Front 82

urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)

Back 82

isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the gowth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified along with the drugs to which they are sensitive

Front 83

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Back 83

blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the kidney's inability to excrete urea

Front 84

creatinine, serum

Back 84

test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood, useful in addessing kidney function

Front 85

creatinine, urine

Back 85

test to determine the level of creatine in the urine

Front 86

creatinine clearance testing

Back 86

measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate that creatinine is "cleared" from the blood and kidneys

Front 87

urologic endoscopic surgery

Back 87

use of specialized endoscopes (e.g. resectoscope) within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrival, palcement of a stent, and so on

Front 88

resectoscope

Back 88

urologic endoscope inserted through the urethra to resect (cut and remove) lesions of bladder, urethra, or prostate

Front 89

intracorporeal lithotripsy

Back 89

method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using electrical energy discharges transmitter to a probe within a flexable endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones

Front 90

nephrotomy

Back 90

incision into the kidney

Front 91

nephrorrhaphy

Back 91

suture of an injured kidney

Front 92

nephrolithotomy

Back 92

incision into the kidney for the removal of stones

Front 93

nephrectomy

Back 93

excision of a kidney

Front 94

pyeloplasty

Back 94

surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis

Front 95

stent placement

Back 95

use of a device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes (e.g., an obstructed ureter)

Front 96

kidney transplantation
renal transplantation

Back 96

transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another

Front 97

urinary diversion

Back 97

creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or disease such as bladder cancer

Front 98

noncontinent ileal conduit

Back 98

removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen - urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag)

Front 99

continent urostomy

Back 99

an internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine which diverts urine through an opening (stoma) that is brought through the abdominal wall - a value is created internally to prevent leakage and patient empties the pouch by catheterization

Front 100

orthotopic bladder neobladder

Back 100

bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra allowing "natural" voiding

Front 101

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Back 101

procedure using ulrasound outside the body to bombard and disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder

Front 102

kidney dialysis

Back 102

methods of filtering inpurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal failure

Front 103

hemodialysis

Back 103

method of removing impurities by pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer, the specialzed filter of the artifical kidney machine (hemodialyzer)

Front 104

peritoneal dialysis

Back 104

method of removing impurities using the peritonuem as the filter; a catheter inserted in the peritoneal cavity delivers cleansing fluid (dialysate) that is washed in and out in cycles

Front 105

analgesic

Back 105

drug that relives pain

Front 106

antibiotic

Back 106

drug that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms

Front 107

antispasmodic

Back 107

drug that relieves spasm

Front 108

diuretic

Back 108

drug that increses the secretion of urine