Medical Terminology- Ch 9 Endocrinology

Front 1

aden/o

Back 1

gland

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adren/o, adrenal/o

Back 2

adrenal gland

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andr/o

Back 3

male

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crin/o

Back 4

to secrete

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dips/o

Back 5

thirst

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gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o

Back 6

glucose (sugar)

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hormon/o

Back 7

hormone (an urging on)

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ket/o, keton/o

Back 8

ketone bodies

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pancreat/o

Back 9

pancreas

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thym/o

Back 10

thymus gland

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thyr/o, thyroid/o

Back 11

thyroid gland (shield)

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adrenal glands/suprarenal glands

Back 12

located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

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steroid hormones

Back 13

hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

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glucocorticoids

Back 14

regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have antinflammatory effects; cortisol is the most significant glucocorticoid

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mineral corticosteroids

Back 15

maintain salt and water balance

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androgens

Back 16

influence development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, for example, facial hair, deep voice

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catecholamines

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hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response

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epinephrine. Adrenaline

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secreted in response to fear or physical injury

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norepinephrine

Back 19

secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress

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ovaries

Back 20

located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis; secrete estrogen and progesterone

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estrogen

Back 21

responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics

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progesterone

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regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy

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islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

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endocrine tissue within the pancreas (the organ located behind the stomach, in front of the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae); secretes insulin and glucagon

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insulin

Back 24

a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose (insulin=island)

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glucagon

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a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar

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parathyroid glands

Back 26

two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck; secrete parathyroid hormone

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parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 27

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

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pineal gland

Back 28

located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin

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melatonin

Back 29

exact function unknown; affects the onset of puberty

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serotonin

Back 30

a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin

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pituitary gland, hypophysis

Back 31

located at the base of the brain; considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles; the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin; the posterior pituitary releases

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anterior pituitary, adenohypophysis

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anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 33

stimulates secretion from thyroid gland

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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back 34

stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex

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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 35

initiates the growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and the production sperm in males

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luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 36

causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes

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melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Back 37

affects skin pigmentation

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growth hormone (GH)

Back 38

influences growth

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prolactin, lactogenic hormone

Back 39

stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy

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posterior pituitary, neurohypophysis

Back 40

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 41

influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules

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oxytocin

Back 42

influences uterine contraction

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testes

Back 43

located on both sides within the scrotum in the male; secrete testosterone

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testosterone

Back 44

affects the masculinization and reproduction

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thymus gland

Back 45

located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin

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thymosin

Back 46

regulates immune response

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thyroid gland

Back 47

located in front of the neck; secretes triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin

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triodothyronine (T3)

Back 48

know as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism

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thyroxine (T4)

Back 49

know as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism

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calcitonin

Back 50

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

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exophthalmos/exophthalmus

Back 51

protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball

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glycosuria/glucosuria

Back 52

glucose(sugar) in the urine

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hirsutism

Back 53

shaggy; an excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places

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hypercalcemia

Back 54

an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood

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hypocalcemia

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an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood

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hyperglycemia

Back 56

high blood sugar

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hypoglycemia

Back 57

low blood sugar

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hyperkalemia

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an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood (kalium=potassium)

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hypokalemia

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deficient level of potassium in the blood

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hypersecretion

Back 60

abnormally increased secretion

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hyposecretion

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abnormally decreased secretion

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ketosis, ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

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presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation

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metabolism

Back 63

all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions

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polydipsia

Back 64

excessive thirst

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polyuria

Back 65

excessive urination

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Cushing syndrome

Back 66

a collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone; may be due to excessive production by the adrenal gland (often because of a tumor), or, more commonly, occurs as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones, such as prednisone for diseases; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shaped appearance),hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with stria (stretch marks), hypertension, and osteoporosis

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adrenal virilism

Back 67

excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia; evidenced by amenorrhea (absence of menstruation, acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice (virilis=masculine)

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diabetes mellitus (DM)

Back 68

metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria diabetes=passing through; mellitus=sugar)

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type 1 diabetes mellitus

Back 69

diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival

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type 2 diabetes mellitus

Back 70

diabetes in which either the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced) occurs; the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival

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hyperinsulinism

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a condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas

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pancreatitis

Back 72

inflammation of the pancreas

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hyperparathyroidism

Back 73

hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor

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hypoparathyroidism

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hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands

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acromegaly

Back 75

disease characterized by enlarged features, especially of the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor

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pituitary dwarfism

Back 76

a condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate, stature (not affecting intelligence); often treated during childhood with growth hormone; other forms of dwarfism are most often caused by genetic defects

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pituitary gigantism

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a conditional of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor

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goiter

Back 78

enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation (goiter=throat)

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hyperthyroidism

Back 79

a condition of hypersecretion the thyroid gland characterized by nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), goiter, etc.

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graves disease

Back 80

the most common form of hyperthyroidism; caused by an autoimmune defect that creates antibodies that stimulate the overproduction of thyroid hormones; exophthalmos is a featured characteristic

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hypothyroidism

Back 81

a condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and, often, obesity

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myxedema

Back 82

advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin (myx-mucus)

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cretinism

Back 83

condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed phyical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed

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blood sugar (BS), blood glucose

Back 84

measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood

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fasting blood sugar (FBS)

Back 85

measurement of blood sugar level after fasting (not eating) for 12 hours

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postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)

Back 86

measurement of blood sugar level after a meal (commonly 2 hours later)

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glucose tolerance test (GTT)

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measurement of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour tehreafter for 4 to 6 hours

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glycohemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc)

Back 88

a molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin, the level of which rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar; a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes

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electrolyte panel

Back 89

measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, and chloride) along with carbon dioxide (CO2) (for indirect measure of bicarbonate ion) in the blood; electrolytes are essential for maintaining water blance (hydration) as well as nerve, muscle, and heart activity

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thyroid function study

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measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine the efficiency of glandular secretions, including T#, T$, and TSH

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urine sugar and ketone studies

Back 91

chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as a screen for diabetes (Note: production of a urine specimen for these tests requires one to urinate or void [ empty the bladder])

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computed tomography (CT)

Back 92

CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse (horizontal view of the pituitary gland

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magnetic resonance imagine (MRI)

Back 93

nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of the pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and thyroid glands

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sonography

Back 94

sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as with thyroid ultrasound

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thyroid uptake and image

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radionuclide (nuclear medicine) scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors

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adrenalectomy

Back 96

excision of the adrenal glands

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hypophysectomy

Back 97

excision of the pituitary gland

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pancreatectomy

Back 98

excision of the pancreas

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parathyroidectomy

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excision of the parathyroid glands

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thymectomy

Back 100

excision of the thymus gland

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thyroidectomy

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excision of the thyroid gland

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continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), insulin pump therapy

Back 102

use of an insulin delivery device that is worn on the body (usually the abdomen) and subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to the individual needs of the diabetic patient

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radioiodine therapy

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use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells; treatment is administered in a nuclear medicine facility

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antidiabetic drug

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any of several agents used to control blood sugar levels in treatment of diabetes mellitus

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antithyroid drug

Back 105

an agent that blocks the production thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism

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hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Back 106

treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency (e.g., estrogen, testosterone, and thyroid)

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hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic

Back 107

a drug that lowers the blood glucose level (e.g. insulin)

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ACTH

Back 108

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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ADH

Back 109

antidiuretic hormone

Front 110

BS

Back 110

blood sugar

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CO2

Back 111

carbon dioxide

Front 112

CSII

Back 112

continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

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CT

Back 113

computed tomography

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DKA

Back 114

diabetic ketoacidosis

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DM

Back 115

diabetes mellitus

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FBS

Back 116

fasting blood sugar

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FSH

Back 117

follicle-stimulating hormone

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GH

Back 118

growth hormone

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GTT

Back 119

glucose tolerance test

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HbAlc

Back 120

glycosylated hemoglobin

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HRT

Back 121

hormone replacement therapy

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LH

Back 122

luteinizing hormone

Front 123

MRI

Back 123

magnetic resonance imagine

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MSH

Back 124

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Front 125

PPBS

Back 125

postprandial blood sugar

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PTH

Back 126

parathyroid hormone

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T3

Back 127

triiodothyronine

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T4

Back 128

thyroxine

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TSH

Back 129

thyroid-stimulating hormone